Chapter 1 Get Started § 1. Introduction Dennis Ritchie at AT&T Bell Laboratories pioneered the C language in the early 1970s. UNIX operating system was written almost entirely in C. （在20世纪70年代初 丹尼斯.里奇 在AT＆T贝尔实验室开创的C语言。 UNIX操作系统几乎全部是用C写的。） Brad J. Cox designed the Objective-C language in the early 1980s.The language was based on a language called SmallTalk-80 and was layered on top of the C language. （在20世纪80年代，布莱德. 确斯 发明了Objective-C 语言。OC是基于一种叫SmallTalk-80的语言，并且是在C语言之上的。） NeXT Software licensed the Objective-C language in 1988 and developed its libraries and a development environment called NEXTSTEP. Most Cocoa classes begin with NS, like NSString, since they were initiated under NEXTSTEP. （NeXT软件公司在1988年发放Objective-C的许可，并且开发了它的一些库和开发环境起名叫做NEXTSTEP。绝大多数的Cocoa类都用NS打头，如NSString，因此他们加入NEXTSTEP的开发） On December 20, 1996, Apple Computer announced that it was acquiring NeXT Software, and the NEXTSTEP/OPENSTEP environment became the basis for the next major release of Apple’s operating system, OS X. Apple’s version of this development environment was called Cocoa. With built-in support for the Objective-C language, coupled with development tools such as Project Builder (or its successor Xcode) and Interface Builder, Apple created a powerful development environment for application development on Mac OS X. （1996年12月20日，在苹果公司宣布收购了NeXT软件公司基础上，NEXTSTEP / OPENSTEP环境成为了苹果操作系统的下一个主要版本，苹果公司的OS X 这个开发环境的版本被称为Cocoa。内置支持Objective - C语言与开发工具，如项目构建器（或它的后继者的Xcode）和Interface Builder，再加上苹果Mac OS X上创建一个强大的开发环境，用于应用程序开发） 后来，NeXT公司被苹果公司收购，NEXTSTEP开发环境更名为Cocoa，成为苹果电脑操作系统 Mac OS X的基础，包括 Xcode、Interface Builder等开发工具。 a language called SmallTalk-80 and was layered on top of the C language. （在20世纪80年代，布莱德. 确斯 发明了Objective-C 语言。OC是基于一种叫SmallTalk-80的语言，并且是在C语言之上的。） NeXT Software licensed the Objective-C language in 1988 and developed its libraries and a development environment called NEXTSTEP. Most Cocoa classes begin with NS, like NSString, since they were initiated under NEXTSTEP. （NeXT软件公司在1988年发放Objective-C的许可，并且开发了它的一些库和开发环境起名叫做NEXTSTEP。绝大多数的Cocoa类都用NS打头，如NSString，因此他们加入NEXTSTEP的开发） On December 20, 1996, Apple Computer announced that it was acquiring NeXT Software, and the NEXTSTEP/OPENSTEP environment became the basis for the next major release of Apple’s operating system, OS X. Apple’s version of this development environment was called Cocoa. With built-in support for the Objective-C language, coupled with development tools such as Project Builder (or its successor Xcode) and Interface Builder, Apple created a powerful development environment for application development on Mac OS X. （1996年12月20日，在苹果公司宣布收购了NeXT软件公司基础上，NEXTSTEP / OPENSTEP环境成为了苹果操作系统的下一个主要版本，苹果公司的OS X 这个开发环境的版本被称为Cocoa。内置支持Objective - C语言与开发工具，如项目构建器（或它的后继者的Xcode）和Interface Builder，再加上苹果Mac OS X上创建一个强大的开发环境，用于应用程序开发） 后来，NeXT公司被苹果公司收购，NEXTSTEP开发环境更名为Cocoa，成为苹果电脑操作系统 Mac OS X的基础，包括 Xcode、Interface Builder等开发工具。