Polarimetric Radar Imaging (极化雷达成像)

Contents Foreword ................................................................................................................ xix Acknowledgments.................................................................................................. xxi Authors.......................................................................... ....................................... xxiii Chapter 1 Overview of Polarimetric Radar Imaging ........................................... 1 1.1 Brief History of Polarimetric Radar Imaging ................................................ 1 1.1.1 Introduction......................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Development of Imaging Radar.......................................................... 2 1.1.3 Development of Polarimetric Radar Imaging..................................... 2 1.1.4 Education of Polarimetric Radar Imaging .......................................... 4 1.2 SAR Image Formation: Summary ................................................................. 5 1.2.1 Introduction......................................................................................... 5 1.2.2 SAR Geometric Configuration............................................................ 6 1.2.3 SAR Spatial Resolution ...................................................................... 8 1.2.4 SAR Image Processing ....................................................................... 9 1.2.5 SAR Complex Image........................................................................ 10 1.3 Airborne and Space-Borne Polarimetric SAR Systems............................... 13 1.3.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 13 1.3.2 Airborne Polarimetric SAR Systems ................................................ 14 1.3.2.1 AIRSAR (NASA=JPL)........................................................ 14 1.3.2.2 CONVAIR-580 C=X-SAR (CCRS=EC) ............................. 16 1.3.2.3 EMISAR (DCRS)................................................................ 16 1.3.2.4 E-SAR (DLR)...................................................................... 16 1.3.2.5 PI-SAR (JAXA-NICT)........................................................ 17 1.3.2.6 RAMSES (ONERA-DEMR)............................................... 17 1.3.2.7 SETHI (ONERA-DEMR) ................................................... 18 1.3.3 Space-Borne Polarimetric SAR Systems .......................................... 19 1.3.3.1 SIR-C=X SAR (NASA=DARA=ASI).................................. 19 1.3.3.2 ENVISAT ASAR (ESA).................................................... 19 1.3.3.3 ALOS-PALSAR (JAXA=JAROS) ...................................... 20 1.3.3.4 TerraSAR-X (BMBF=DLR=Astrium GmbH) ..................... 21 1.3.3.5 RADARSAT-2 (CSA=MDA).............................................. 22 1.4 Description of the Chapters ......................................................................... 22 References ............................................................................................................... 28 Chapter 2 Electromagnetic Vector Wave and Polarization Descriptors ............ 31 2.1 Monochromatic Electromagnetic Plane Wave............................................. 31 2.1.1 Equation of Propagation ................................................................... 31 2.1.2 Monochromatic Plane Wave Solution .............................................. 32 xi 2.2 Polarization Ellipse ...................................................................................... 34 2.3 Jones Vector................................................................................................. 37 2.3.1 Definition .......................................................................................... 37 2.3.2 Special Unitary Group SU(2) ........................................................... 38 2.3.3 Orthogonal Polarization States and Polarization Basis .................... 40 2.3.4 Change of Polarimetric Basis ........................................................... 41 2.4 Stokes Vector ............................................................................................... 43 2.4.1 Real Representation of a Plane Wave Vector .................................. 43 2.4.2 Special Unitary Group O(3).............................................................. 46 2.5 Wave Covariance Matrix ............................................................................. 47 2.5.1 Wave Degree of Polarization............................................................ 47 2.5.2 Wave Anisotropy and Wave Entropy............................................... 48 2.5.3 Partially Polarized Wave Dichotomy Theorem ................................ 49 References ............................................................................................................... 51 Chapter 3 Electromagnetic Vector Scattering Operators ................................... 53 3.1 Polarimetric Backscattering Sinclair S Matrix............................................. 53 3.1.1 Radar Equation ................................................................................. 53 3.1.2 Scattering Matrix............................................................................... 55 3.1.3 Scattering Coordinate Frameworks................................................... 61 3.2 Scattering Target Vectors k and V.............................................................. 63 3.2.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 63 3.2.2 Bistatic Scattering Case .................................................................... 63 3.2.3 Monostatic Backscattering Case ....................................................... 65 3.3 Polarimetric Coherency T and Covariance C Matrices ............................... 66 3.3.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 66 3.3.2 Bistatic Scattering Case .................................................................... 66 3.3.3 Monostatic Backscattering Case ....................................................... 67 3.3.4 Scattering Symmetry Properties........................................................ 69 3.3.5 Eigenvector=Eigenvalues Decomposition......................................... 72 3.4 Polarimetric Mueller M and Kennaugh K Matrices .................................... 73 3.4.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 73 3.4.2 Monostatic Backscattering Case ....................................................... 74 3.4.3 Bistatic Scattering Case .................................................................... 77 3.5 Change of Polarimetric Basis ...................................................................... 80 3.5.1 Monostatic Backscattering Matrix S................................................. 80 ....................................... xxiii Chapter 1 Overview of Polarimetric Radar Imaging ........................................... 1 1.1 Brief History of Polarimetric Radar Imaging ................................................ 1 1.1.1 Introduction......................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Development of Imaging Radar.......................................................... 2 1.1.3 Development of Polarimetric Radar Imaging..................................... 2 1.1.4 Education of Polarimetric Radar Imaging .......................................... 4 1.2 SAR Image Formation: Summary ................................................................. 5 1.2.1 Introduction......................................................................................... 5 1.2.2 SAR Geometric Configuration............................................................ 6 1.2.3 SAR Spatial Resolution ...................................................................... 8 1.2.4 SAR Image Processing ....................................................................... 9 1.2.5 SAR Complex Image........................................................................ 10 1.3 Airborne and Space-Borne Polarimetric SAR Systems............................... 13 1.3.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 13 1.3.2 Airborne Polarimetric SAR Systems ................................................ 14 1.3.2.1 AIRSAR (NASA=JPL)........................................................ 14 1.3.2.2 CONVAIR-580 C=X-SAR (CCRS=EC) ............................. 16 1.3.2.3 EMISAR (DCRS)................................................................ 16 1.3.2.4 E-SAR (DLR)...................................................................... 16 1.3.2.5 PI-SAR (JAXA-NICT)........................................................ 17 1.3.2.6 RAMSES (ONERA-DEMR)............................................... 17 1.3.2.7 SETHI (ONERA-DEMR) ................................................... 18 1.3.3 Space-Borne Polarimetric SAR Systems .......................................... 19 1.3.3.1 SIR-C=X SAR (NASA=DARA=ASI).................................. 19 1.3.3.2 ENVISAT ASAR (ESA).................................................... 19 1.3.3.3 ALOS-PALSAR (JAXA=JAROS) ...................................... 20 1.3.3.4 TerraSAR-X (BMBF=DLR=Astrium GmbH) ..................... 21 1.3.3.5 RADARSAT-2 (CSA=MDA).............................................. 22 1.4 Description of the Chapters ......................................................................... 22 References ............................................................................................................... 28 Chapter 2 Electromagnetic Vector Wave and Polarization Descriptors ............ 31 2.1 Monochromatic Electromagnetic Plane Wave............................................. 31 2.1.1 Equation of Propagation ................................................................... 31 2.1.2 Monochromatic Plane Wave Solution .............................................. 32 xi 2.2 Polarization Ellipse ...................................................................................... 34 2.3 Jones Vector................................................................................................. 37 2.3.1 Definition .......................................................................................... 37 2.3.2 Special Unitary Group SU(2) ........................................................... 38 2.3.3 Orthogonal Polarization States and Polarization Basis .................... 40 2.3.4 Change of Polarimetric Basis ........................................................... 41 2.4 Stokes Vector ............................................................................................... 43 2.4.1 Real Representation of a Plane Wave Vector .................................. 43 2.4.2 Special Unitary Group O(3).............................................................. 46 2.5 Wave Covariance Matrix ............................................................................. 47 2.5.1 Wave Degree of Polarization............................................................ 47 2.5.2 Wave Anisotropy and Wave Entropy............................................... 48 2.5.3 Partially Polarized Wave Dichotomy Theorem ................................ 49 References ............................................................................................................... 51 Chapter 3 Electromagnetic Vector Scattering Operators ................................... 53 3.1 Polarimetric Backscattering Sinclair S Matrix............................................. 53 3.1.1 Radar Equation ................................................................................. 53 3.1.2 Scattering Matrix............................................................................... 55 3.1.3 Scattering Coordinate Frameworks................................................... 61 3.2 Scattering Target Vectors k and V.............................................................. 63 3.2.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 63 3.2.2 Bistatic Scattering Case .................................................................... 63 3.2.3 Monostatic Backscattering Case ....................................................... 65 3.3 Polarimetric Coherency T and Covariance C Matrices ............................... 66 3.3.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 66 3.3.2 Bistatic Scattering Case .................................................................... 66 3.3.3 Monostatic Backscattering Case ....................................................... 67 3.3.4 Scattering Symmetry Properties........................................................ 69 3.3.5 Eigenvector=Eigenvalues Decomposition......................................... 72 3.4 Polarimetric Mueller M and Kennaugh K Matrices .................................... 73 3.4.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 73 3.4.2 Monostatic Backscattering Case ....................................................... 74 3.4.3 Bistatic Scattering Case .................................................................... 77 3.5 Change of Polarimetric Basis ...................................................................... 80 3.5.1 Monostatic Backscattering Matrix S................................................. 80