This handbook presents and illustrates an extensive collection of image processing tools to help the user and prospective user of computer-based systems understand the methods provided in various software packages and determine those steps that may be best suited for particular applications.SEVENTH EDITIONProcessinHandbookJOHN C RUSS F BRENT NEAL(CRC)CRC PressTaylor Francis GroupBoca raton London New YorkCRC Press is an imprint of theTaylor francis Group, an informa businesso 2016 by Taylor Francis Group, LLCCRC PressTaylor Francis Group6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300Boca raton Fl 33487-2742o 2016 by Taylor Francis Group, LLCCRC Press is an imprint of Taylor Francis Group, an Informa businessNo claim to original U.S. Government worksVersion date: 20150804International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-4028-9(eBook- PDF)This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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Fororganizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arrangedTrademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only foridentification and explanation without intent to infringeVisit the Taylor Francis Web site athttp://www.taylorandfrancis.comand the crc press Web site athttp://www.crcpress.como 2016 by Taylor Francis Group, LLCContentstrodυ ction,。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。About this text ..wwwwwwwwwwwwwgwgwgwwwwwwwwgww. xiiiA word of cautionA personal note1 Acquiring Images ......Human reliance on imagesExtracting informationVideo camerasCCD cameras468CMos detectors72Camera artifacts and limitations...w...... 13Color camerasCamera resolution78Electronics and bandwidth limitations20Handling color data27Color encoding . ....22Other image sources....................24Pixels25Tonal resolution29The image contents30Camera limitations······37Noise.33High-depth images34F。 CUsIng…35Color displays36mage types.…37o 2016 by Taylor Francis Group, LLCtiUltiple imagesg40maging requirements442 Printing and Storage∴∴∴...47Hard copies47Halftoning49Dotson pape52Color printi55Adding black-CMYK..............58Printing hardware….g62recorders∴66Presentation tools67File storage67Storagle me.69Magnetic recording…Databases for images. ......................................72Searching by content76Browsing and thumbnails9File formats.87Lossless coding…82Reduced color palettes86JPEG compression.87Wavelet compression93Fractal compression∴.96Digital movies983 Human vision。。。。101What we see and why707Recognition704Technical specs.107Seeing color..108Acuity712That the eye tells the brain. ............................116patial comparisons718Local to global hierarchies724Grouping127It's about time130The third dimension134How versus what738Seeing what isnt there, and vice versa140mage compression…….142A world of light144Size matters ..................................................148Shape(whatever that means752ontext754Arrangements must be made156Seeing is believing…758earning more...........∴1062vi〔 ontents@2016 by Taylor Francis Group, LLC4 Correcting Imaging Defects .... 163Color adjustments764Hue, saturation, intensity166Other spaces168Color correction7noisy images174Neighborhood averaging............178Gaussian smoothing............ 181Neighborhood ranking785The color median190More median filters193Weighted, conditional, and adaptiveneighborhoods∴196Other neighborhood noise reduction methods. 204Defect removal, maximum entropy, andmaximum likelihoodNonuniform illumination214Fitting a background function217Rank leveling222Color images∴225Nonplanar views227Computer graphICs…………………228Geometric distortion .............. 230Alignment.234Interpolation236Mmorphing2475 Image Enhancement in the SpatialDomain。。。。。。。。。243Purposes for enhancement. ..............................243Contrast expansion.................244False color lookup tables( LUTs)248Contrast manipulation∴250Histogram equalization253Contrast in color images................255Local equalization…258aplasiaopening26The unsharp mask269Derivatives272Edges and gradients. ......................................276Edge orientation279More edge detectors284Rank-based methods290Texture294Implementation notes298Image math299Subtracting images…300Multiplication and division303ontentsⅶio 2016 by Taylor Francis Group, LLCPrincipa/ component analysis……305Principal component analysis for contrastenhancement310Other image combinations313Cross-correlation3176 Processing Images in FrequencySpace..。。。。。。。。。。。.321about frequency space32The fourier transform322Fourier transforms of simple functions……125Moving to two dimensions327Frequencies and spacings...........331Preferred orientation333Texture and fractals336Removing selected frequencies338Periodic noise removal.345Selection of periodic information..........349Convolution352Deconvolution354noise and wiener deconvolution ........ 358Other deconvolution methods362Additional notes on deconvolution , ................365Template matching and correlation.......368Autocorrelation373Wavelets7 Segmentation and Thresholding.. 381Brightness thresholding387Automatic settings384Multiband images39Color thresholding............395Thresholding from texture............... 400Multiple thresholding criteria....402Textural orientation403Reeglon boundaries………………406Noise and overlaps408Selecting smooth boundaries411Conditional histograms413boundary liirynes415Contours420Cluster analysis423More segmentation methods..........430Image representation4348 Processing Binary Images.... 439Boolean operations439Combining boolean operations442vi〔 onter@2016 by Taylor Francis Group, LLCasks447From pixels to features449Filling holes…450Measurement grids452Boolean logic with features.............454Selecting features by location......458Double thresholding462Erosion and dilation463pening and closing…….465Isotropy……………………469Measurements using erosion and dilation....470Extension to grayscale images.........473Neighborhood parameters474Examples of use476Euclidean distance map..........479Watershed segmentation482Ultimate eroded points................488Skeletons490opology492Boundary lines497Combining skeleton and Euclidean distancemap…5009 Image Measurements∴∴∴505Photogrammetry505Comparisons.……517Global measurements ,.............. 518Volume520Surface area525Grain size530Multiple surfaces533Length535Thickness∴538Sampling strategies539Determining number543Curvature, connectivity, and the Disector.... 546Anisotropy and gradients……557Size distribution554Classical stereology ( unfolding)……5510 Feature measurements。。。。,。。。.559Brightness measurements.559Density.…567Brightness profiles563Color values566Determining location568Orientation573Neighbor relationships575Contentso 2016 by Taylor Francis Group, LLCSeparation distance...................579Aliginmen582The linear hough transform586The circular Hough transform588Countin592Special counting procedures∴597Feature size.602Circles and elli.607Caliper dimensions609Perimeter61211 Characterizing Shape。。619Describing shape619Dimensionless ratios624Effects of orientation628Like a circle∴630An example: Leaves....................633Topology and the skeleton640Boundaries647Shock graphs649fractal dimension∴65Measurement techniques…653Harmonic analysis660Chain code ................... 662An example: Arrow points665Wavelets667Moments672An example: Dandelion............676Zernike moments677Landmarks67912 Correlation ClassificationIdentification, and Matching...683A variety of purposes683Matching685Cross-correlation..689Curvature scale space692Classification9Distributions and decision points.697Linear discriminant analysis(LDA and principalcomponent analysis(PCA).Z00Class definition.702Unsupervised learning09Are groups different?……712Neural netsz16k-Nearest neighborsz20Parametric description722Bayesian statistics724〔 ontents@2016 by Taylor Francis Group, LLC