经典制作，天线设计手册ANTENNA THEORYANTENNA THEORYANALYSIS AND DESIGNFOURTH EDITIONConstantine A. BalanisWILEYCover Image: Courtesy Nasa/JPL-CaltechCopyright o 2016 by John Wiley sons, Inc. All rights reservedPublished by John Wiley sons, Inc, Hoboken, New JerseyPublished simultaneously in CanadaNo part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any meanselectronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 ofhe 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization througlpayment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA01923,(978)750-8400,fax(978)750-4470,oronthewebatwww.copyright.comRequeststothePublisherforpermissionshould be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley Sons, Inc, lll River Street, Hoboken, NJ,(201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008,oronlineathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissionLimit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing thisbook, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this bookand specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may becreated or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may notbe suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authorshall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidentalconsequential, or other damagesFor general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer CareDepartment within the United States at (800)762-2974, outside the United States at(317)572-3993 or fax (317)572-4002Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be availableelectronicformatsFormoreinformationaboutWileyproductsvisitourwebsiteatwww.wiley.comLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:Balanis. Constantine A. 1938-Modern antenna handbook/ Constantine A Balanis.-4th edcmIncludes indexISBN978-1-118-642060-1( cloth)1. Antennas(Electronics) I. TitleTK7871.6B3542016621.382′4dc222016050162Printed in the United states of america10987654To the memory of my parents, uncle and aunt∑τ n uvnun twv yoveav, tou 0elou kal ns eels pou回回回向回回同扈回回回回ContentsPrefaceXIAbout the Companion WebsiteXIX1 Antennas1.2 Types of Antennas1.3 Radiation mechanism71. 4 Current distribution on a thin Wire antenna151.5 Historical advancement181.6 MultimediaReferences222 Fundamental Parameters and Figures-of-Merit of Antennas252.1 Introduction252.2 Radiation pattern252.3 Radiation Power Density352.4 Radiation Intensity372.5 Beamwidth402.6 Directivity412.7 Numerical Techniques2.8 Antenna Efficiency602.9 Gain Realized gain612.10 Beam Efficiency2.11 Bandwidth652.12 Polarization2. 13 Input Impedance752. 14 Antenna Radiation efficiency792.15 Antenna Vector Effective Length and equivalent areas812.16 Maximum Directivity and Maximum Effective Area862.17 Friis Transmission Equation and Radar range equation882.18 Antenna Temperature962.19 Multimedia100References103Problems105CONTENTS3 Radiation Integrals and Auxiliary Potential Functions1273.1 Introduction1273.2 The Vector Potential A for an Electric Current Source j1283.3 The Vector Potential F for A Magnetic Current Source m1303.4 Electric and Magnetic Fields for Electric () and Magnetic (M) Currentources1313.5 Solution of the Inhomogeneous Vector Potential Wave Equation1323.6 Far-Field Radiation1363.7 Duality theorem1373.8 Reciprocity and Reaction Theorems138References143Problems1434 Linear wire antennas1454.1 Introduction1454.2 Infinitesimal Dipole1454.3 Small Dipole1554.4 Region separation1584.5 Finite Length Dipole1644.6 Half-Wavelength dipole1764.7 Linear Elements Near or On Infinite Perfect Electric Conductors(PEC), PerfectMagnetic Conductors(PMC)and Electromagnetic Band-Gap(eBG) Surfaces 1794. 8 Ground effects2034.9 Computer Codes2164.10 Multimedia216References218Problems2205 Loop Antennas2355.1 Introduction2355.2 Small Circular Loop2365.3 Circular Loop of Constant Current2505.4 Circular Loop with Nonuniform Current505.5 Ground and Earth Curvature Effects for Circular Loops2685.6 Polygonal Loop Antennas2695.7 Ferrite Loop2705.8 Mobile Communication Systems Applications2725.9 Multimedia272References275Problems2776 Arrays: Linear, Planar, and Circular6.1 Introduction2856.2 Two-Element Array2866.3 N-Element Linear Array: Uniform Amplitude and Spacing2936.4 N-Element Linear Array: Directivity3126.5 Design Procedure3186.6 N-Element Linear Array: Three-Dimensional Characteristics6.7 Rectangular-to-Polar Graphical Solution322