计算机硬件入门指导，升级与维护PC必备知识一应俱全。Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 20th EditionEditor- in-Chie「leanCopyright o 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrievaExecutive editorsystem, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recordRick Kughening, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent liabilityis assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. AlthoughDevelopment Editorevery precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher andTodd Brakkeauthor assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumedfor damages resulting from the use of the information contained hereinTechnical EditorISBN-13:978-0-7897-4710-3Mark reddinISBN-10:0-7897-4710-5Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataManaging EditorKristy HartMueller. scottUpgrading and repairing pcs/Scott MuellerProject Editorp. cm.Jovana San Nicolas-ShirleyISBN978-0-78974710-5Copy Editor1. Microcomputers--Maintenance and repair. 2Karen gi‖lMicrocomputers--Equipment and supplies. 3. Microcomputers--UpgradingI. Title II. Title: Upgrading and repairing personal computersndexerErika millenTK7887.M842012004.16-dc23Proofreader2011020605e henryPrinted in the united states of americaPublishing CoordinatorFirst Printing: August 2011Cindy teetersTrademarksMedia producerAll terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service markshave been appropriately capitalized Que Publishing cannot attest to the accuracy ofhis information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting theCover Designervalidity of any trademark or service markAnne JonesWarning and DisclaimerCompositorsEvery effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possibleNonie ratebut no warranty or fitness is implied. The information provided is on an "as is"basisTnT Design, IncThe author and the publisher shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained in this book or from the use of the dvd or programs accompanying it.Bulk salesQue Publishing offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity forbulk purchases or special sales. For more information, please contactU.S. Corporate and government Sales1-800382-3419corpsales@pearsontechgroup comFor sales outside of the U.S., please contacInternational salesinternational@pearson.comContentsDual Independent Bus Architecture 65HT Technology 6Multicore technolo67ntr。 duction1Processor Manufacturing 68Book Objectives 1Processor Re-Marking 72The 20th Edition dVD-ROM 2PGA Chip Packaging 72My Website: informit. com/upgrading 2Single edge Contact and Single EdgeA Personal note 2Processor Packaging 73Processor Socket and Slot Types 741 Development of the Pc 5Socket 478 76Computer history: before personalSocket lga775 77Computers 5Socket lga1156 78Socket lga1366 79Electronic Computers 10Socket lga1155 80Modern Computers 11Socket 939 and 940 80From Tubes to transistors 11Socket AM2/AM2+/AM3/AM3+ 81Integrated Circuits 13Socket F(1207FX) 83History of the PC 13CPU Operating Voltages 83Birth of the personal computer 13Math Coprocessors(Floating- Point Units) 83The IBM Personal computer 15Processor Bugs and Steppings 84The PC Industry 30 Years Later 16Processor code names 85P1(086) Processors 852 PC Components, Features, andP2(286)Processors 86System Design 19P3 386)Processors 87P4(486)Processors 88What is a pc? 19P5(586) Processors 90Who Controls pc software? 20AMD-K5 92Who Controls pc hardware? 23Intel P6(686) Processors 92White-Box Systems 25Pentium pro processors 93PC Design Guides 26Pentium ll processors 93System Types 27Pentium ill 95System Components 28Celeron 973 Processor Types andIntel pentium 4 Processors 97Pentium 4 extreme edition 100Specifications 31Intel pentium d and pentium extremeMicroprocessor History 31Edition 102The First Microprocessor 31Intel core processors 104PC Processor evolution 34Intel Core 2 Family 10416-Bit to 64-Bit Architecture evolutionIntel(Nehalem) Core i Processors 10636AMD K6 Processors 110Processor Specifications 37NexGen Nx586 110Data I/o Bus 42AMD-K6 Series 110Address bus 43AMD K Processors 111Internal Registers (Internal Data Bus) 44AMD Athlon 111Processor modes 45AMD Duron 113Processor benchmarks 49AMd Athlon Xp 113Comparing processor performance 49Athlon mp 114Cache Memory 54amd K8 Processors 115Processor features 60AMD Athlon 64 and 64 FX 115System Management Mode (SMM) 60AMD Sempron 118Superscalar Execution 61AMD Athlon X2, 64 X2, and 64 FX 119MM Technology 62Dynamic execution 64ContentsAMD KIO Processors(Phenom, Phenom IlatI Chipsets 203Athlon Il, Athlon X2, Sempron) 120VIA Chipsets 204AMD Fusion processors 122NVIDIA Chipsets for Intel Processors 204Processor Upgrades 122Chipsets for AMD Processors 204Overclocking 124AMD Athlon Chipsets 205Quartz Crystals 124AMD Athlon 64 Chipsets 206Modern pc clocks 126AMD 8000(8151) Chipset 206Overclocking Tips 128AMD(Formerly ATD) Chipsets for AthlonUnlocking Cores 12964, Sempron, phenom 207Bus Speeds and Multipliers 130Third-Party Chipsets for AMDProcessor Cooling 132Processors 213Heatsinks 133VIA Chipsets 213Liquid cooling 138SiS Chipsets 213Thermally Advantaged Chassis 138NVIDIA Chipsets 213Processor Troubleshooting Techniques 141Super l/o Chips 214Motherboard c2144 Motherboards and Buses 143System bus types, Functions, andMotherboard form factors 143Features 223Obsolete form factors 144The processor Bus(FSB) 229atX and other Modern form Factors 155Types of I/O Buses 229Processor Sockets/Slots 167The isa bus 230Chipsets 169The micro channel bus 230Chipset evolution 169The eisa bus 230Intel Chipsets 171Local Buses (vesa, PCl, PCI Express,Intel chipset Model Numbers 172AGP) 231Intel Integrated graphicsSystem resources 238Architecture 173Interrupts 238AMD Integrated graphicsDMA Channels 243Architecture 173I/O Port Addresses 243Traditional North/South bridgeResolving Resource Conflicts 246Architecture 174Pnp 247Hub architecture 175Motherboard Selection Criteria(KnowingThird-Party North-South bridgeWhat to Look For) 249Connections 177Chipset Documentation 250Hyper Transport 178Intel's Early 386/486 Chipsets 175 BIOS 251Fifth-Generation(P5 Pentium Class)BIOS Basics 251Chipsets 179Motherboard rom bios 255Sixth-Generation(P6 Pentium Pro/ll/lll Class)ROM Hardware 256Chipsets 181ROM Shadowing 257Seventh/ Eighth-Generation(Pentium 4/DROM Chip Types 258Core 2, and Core i) Chipsets 185ROM BIOS Manufacturers 262Intel 915 Family 192BIOS Hardware/Software 264Intel 925X Family 193Upgrading the BIos 265Intel 945 Express Family 193Where to Get Your BIOS Update 266Intel 955X and 975X Family 194Determining Your BIOS Version 266Intel 96x series 194Checking the BlOS Date 266Intel 3x and 4x series Chipsets 195Backing Up Your BIOs 267Intel Sx Series Chipsets 198Backing Up Your BIOS Setup(CMOS RAMIntel 6x Series Chipsets 201Settings 267Third-Party Chipsets for Intel Processors 203Upgrading a Flash BIOs 268Sis Chipsets 203Motherboard cmos ram addresses 276ULi Electronics Chipsets 203Year 2000 bios issues 278ContentsPreboot environment 278RAM UPgrades 350Unified extensible firmware InterfaceUpgrade Options and strategies 351QUEFD 280Purchasing memory 353UEFI and bios limitations 280Replacing Modules with Higher-CapacityUEFI Support 282Versions 355CMOS Setup 282Installing Memory Modules 355Program 2828Running or Accessing the CMOs SetupTroubleshooting Memory 358Memory defect Isolation Procedures 361BIOS Setup menus 283The System Logical Memory Layout 363Maintenance menu 283Main menu 2857 The ATA/IDE Interface 367Advanced menus 286An Overview of the ide interface 367Security menu 300Precursors to ide 367Power menu 301IDE Origins 368Boot Menu(boot Sequence, Order) 303Origins of ATA 369Exit menu 305AtA Standards 370Additional BIOS Setup Features 305ATA-1(ATA Interface for DiskPnP bios 306Drives) 372Pnp Device ids 307ATA-2(ATA Interface withACPI 307Extensions-2) 372BIOS/MBR Error Messages 308ATA-3(ATA Interface-3 )373BIOS Boot Error Messages 309ATA/ATAPI-4(ATA with PacketMBR Boot Error Messages 312Interface Extension-4) 3736 MemoryA/ATAPI-5 (ATA with Packe315Interface-5) 374Memory basics 315ATA/ATAPI-6(ATA with PacketROM 317Interface-6) 375DRAM 317ATA/ATAPI-7(ATA with PacketCache Memory SRAM 319Interface -7) 376Memory standards 321ATA/ATAPI-8 376Speed and Performance 322PATA 377Fast Page Mode DRAM 324PATA I/O Connector 377Extended data Out ram 325PATA I/O Cable 380SDRAM 326Longer or rounded cables 382DDR SDRAM 328PATA Signals 382DDR2 SDRAM 330PATA Dual-Drive Configurations 383DDR3 SDRAM 332PATA PIO Transfer modes 385RDRAM 333PATA DMA Transfer modes 386Memory modules 333SATA 387Registered Modules 338SATA Cables and connectors 389SIMM Details 340SATA Configuration 391SDR DIMM Details 340Advanced host controller interfaceDDR DIMM Details 340(AHCI 392DDR2 DIMM Details 341SATA Transfer modes 393DDR3 DIMM Details 341ATA Features 394Determining a memory module's size andATA Commands 394Features 341ATA Security Mode 395Memory banks 343Host protected area 396Memory Module Speed 344ATAPI 397Parity and ecc 345ATA Drive Capacity Limitations 397Parity Checking 347Prefixes for Decimal and BinaryHow Parity Checking Works 347Multiples 398ECC 350bIOS Limitations 399CHS Versus lba 400ContentsCHS/LBA and LBa/CHS Conversions 401Basic hdd components 465BIOS Commands versus ataHard disk Platters(Disks) 466Commands 40Recording Media 467CHS Limitations(the 528MB Barrier) 403Read/write Heads 469CHS Translation( Breaking the 528MBHead actuator mechanisms 470Barrier) 404Air Filters 477The 2.1GB and 4.2GB barriers 406Hard disk Temperature Acclimation 479LBA-Assist translation 408Spindle motors 479The 8. 4GB Barrier 411Logic Boards 480The 137GB Barrier and Beyond 412Cables and connectors 481Operating System and Other SoftwareConfiguration Items 481Limitations 413Hard disk features 482GPt and the 2.2TB barrier 415Capacity 482PATA/SATA RAID 417Performance 484Reliability 4888 Magnetic Storage Principles 421Magnetic Storage 42110 Flash and Removable Storage 493History of Magnetic Storage 421Iterative Storage Devices 493How Magnetic Fields Are Used to StoreFlash memory devices 493Data 422Compact Flash 495Read/Write Head Designs 425SmartMedia 496Ferrite 426MultiMedia card 496Metal-In-Gap 426SecureDigital 496Thin-Film 427Sony Memory stick 496Magneto-Resistive Heads 427atA Flash pC card 497Giant Magneto-Resistive Heads 429XD-Picture Card 497Head sliders 430SSD (Solid-State Drive) 498Data-Encoding Schemes 432Virtual SsD(ramdisk) 498Frequency Modulation Encoding 434Flash-Based ssds 498Modified FM Encoding 434USB Flash Drives 501Run Length Limited Encoding 434Comparing Flash Memory Devices 502Encoding Scheme Comparisons 436Flash Card readers 504Partial-Response, Maximum-LikelihoodCard readers 504Decoders 437Type II PC Card Adapters 505Capacity measurements 437High-Capacity Removable Magnetic StorageAreal Density 438Devices 505PMR 441Floppy Disk Drives 5061.44MB 3 1/2-Inch Drives 5079 Hard Disk Storage 445FloDrive interfaces 507Definition of a hard disk 445Drive components 508Hard drive advancements 446Read/ write Heads 508Form Factors 447The Floppy Controller 5095 1/4-Inch Drive 448Power and data connectors 5103 1/2-Inch Drive 449The Floppy Disk Controller Cable 5102 1/2-Inch Drive 449How the os Uses a Floppy Disk 5121.8-inch Drive 449Disk Change 5131-Inch Drives 450Floppy Disk Media Types andHDD Operation 450Specifications 514The Ultimate HDD Analogy 452Density 514Tracks and sectors 453Media Coercivity and Thickness 514ECC 456Floppy Disk Media 515Disk Formatting 461Tape Drives 516ContentsVI11。 ptical Storage51712 Video hardware 603Optical Technology 517Display Adapters and Monitors 603CD-Based Optical Technology 518Video Display Adapters 604CDS: A Brief History 518Video adapter types 604CD Construction and Technology 519Integrated Video/MotherboardMass-Producing CDs 519Chipsets 605Writable cds 531CPUS with Integrated video 609MultiRead specifications 538Video Adapter Components 609DVD 539Identifying the video and systemDVD History 540Chipsets 611DVD Construction and Technology 541Video ram 612DVD Tracks and sectors 542The dac 615Handling dvD errors 546Video display interfaces 616DVD Capacity(Sides and Layers) 547The system Interface 616Data encoding on the dvd Disc 550The display interface 618Recordable dvd standards 551TV Display Interfaces 632Multiformat rewritable dvd drives 5583D Graphics Accelerators 633BD559How 3D Accelerators work 633HD-DVD 561APIs 636Optical disc Formats 562Dual-GPU Scene rendering 637CD Formats 562Monitors 639DVD Formats and standards 570Display specifications 639Optical Disc File Systems 573LCD Technology 650Ripping/Copying Discs 579led Backlit technolog652For Music Use Only"CD-R/RWCRT Display Technology 652Discs 580Plasma Display technology 654CD Copy Protection 580LCD and DLp Projectors 654CD Digital Rights Management 581Using Multiple Monitors 656DVD Copy Protection 581Dualview 656Optical drive performance specifications 584Homogeneous Adapters 657CD Data Transfer Rate 585Heterogeneous Adapters 657CD Drive speed 585Video Troubleshooting and Maintenance 657DVD Drive speed 588Troubleshooting video Cards andAccess Time 590Drivers 658Buffer/Cache 590Video drivers 660Direct Memory Access and Ultra-DMA 590Maintaining Monitors 660Interface 590Testing monitors 661Loading Mechanism 591Adjusting Monitors 662Other drive features 592Bad pixels 663How to Reliably record Optical Discs 592Troubleshooting Monitors 664Booting from a Floppy Disk with OpticalRepairing Monitors 665Drive stt593Bootable optical discs-El Torito 59413 Audio hardware 667Light scribe and labelFlash 594Audio Hardware Concepts and terms 668Troubleshooting optical drives 595The nature of sound 668Caring for Optical Media 598Evaluating the Quality of Your AudioUpdating the firmware in an opticalHardware 668Drive 599Sampling 6Early PC Sound cards 670Limitations of sound blaster procompatibility 670vIIContentsMicrosoft windows and audioInternational Keyboard layouts 741Support 670Keyboard/Mouse InterfaceDirectX and Audio SupportConnectors 742Hardware 671USB Keyboards 743Core audio apis for windows vista andKeyboards with Special Features 744Windows 7 671Keyboard Troubleshooting and Repair 7453D Gaming audio standards 672Keyboard disassembly 746Legacy Audio Support ThrouglCleaning a Keyboard 746Virtualization 673Keyboard Recommendations 747Audio hardware Features 674Pointing Devices 748Basic Connectors 674Ball-Type mice 749Advanced audio features 676Optical mice 749Volume control 678Pointing Device Interface Types 751MIDI Support Features 678Mouse Troubleshooting 754Data Compression 679Scroll wheels 755Sound drivers 680TrackPoint II/III/IV 755Sound cards for sound producers 680Alternative pointing Devices 758Motherboard Chipsets with IntegratedWireless Input Devices 761Audio 681Power Management Features of wirelessAC97 Integrated Audio 682Input devices 762Intel "azalia"HD audio 682Troubleshooting Wireless InputTroubleshooting PC Audio Problems 682Devices 763Sound card and onboard audioProblems 68216 Internet Connectivity 765Speakers 685Internet Connectivity Trends 765Speaker Selection Criteria 686Broadband Internet Access Types 765Theater and surround soundCable Tv 766Considerations 687Digital Subscriber Line 769Microphones 688Wireless broadband 77314 External l/o Interfaces 691Cellular broadband 3G and 4G ServicesIntroduction to Input/Output Ports 691Satellite broadband 774Serial versus parallel 691ISDN 777Universal Serial Bus (USB) 692Leased lines 778IEEE 1394(FireWire or i LINK) 707Comparing High-Speed Internet AccessComparing USB and IEEE 1394Fire Wire) 711Dial-Up Modems 780Hot-Plugging(and Unplugging) 71456kbps Modems 7Thunderbolt Technology 717Internet Connection Security 784Low-Speed External Connections 719Having a Backup Plan in Case of serviceSerial ports 719Interruptions 786Parallel ports 723Sharing your Internet connection 78615 Input Devices 729Routers for Internet Sharing 787Modem/Router Status LEDs 788Keyboards 729Enhanced 101-Key Keyboard 72917 Local Area Networking 789104-Key (Windows) Keyboard 731Defining a Network 789Keyboard Technology 732Types of Networks 790Keyswitch Design 732Requirements for a Network 790The Keyboard Interface 737Client/server versus Peer Networks 791Typematic Functions 739Client/Server Networks 791Keyboard Key Numbers and ScanPeer-to-Peer Networks 792Comparing Client/Server and Peer-to-PeerNetworks 793ContentsNetwork architecture overview 794Power-Use Calculations 889Wired ethernet 795Power Savings 891Wireless ethernet 79780 Plus 891Bluetooth 802ENERGY STAR 892Hardware elements of your network 802Advanced Power management 892NICs for wired ethernet networks 802Advanced Configuration and powerNetwork cables for wired ethernet 804Interface 893Wired Network Topologies 813Power Cycling 896Switches for ethernet networks 816Power Supply Troubleshooting 899Wireless ethernet hardware 819Overloaded Power Supplies 900Network protocols 825Inadequate Cooling 901IP and TCP/Ip 825Using Digital Multimeters 901IPX 826Specialized Test Equipment 904Netbeui 826Power Supply Recommendations 906Other Home Networking Solutions 827Modular cables 907HomePNa 827Sources for replacement powerPower line networking828Supplies 907Putting Your Network Together 829Power-Protection Systems 90Network Adapters 829Surge suppressors(protectors) 909Cables and connections betweenNetwork and phone line surgeters 830Protectors 910Switch/Access point 831Line conditioners 910Backup pe91018 Power Supplies 833Real-Time Clock/Nonvolatile RAM(CMosThe Power Supply 833RAM) Batteries 913Primary Function and Operation 833Modern cmos batteries 914Voltage rails 834Obsolete or Unique CMOs Batteries 915The Power Good Signal 836CMOS Battery Troubleshooting 916Power Supply Form Factors 837Modern form Factors 84019 Building or UpgradingPower switches 854Systems 917atX and newer 854System Components 917PC/XT/AT and LPX Power Switches 855Case and Power Supply 919Motherboard power connectors 857Processor 920AT/LPX Power Supply Connectors 857Motherboard 921atX and atX12V Motherboard powerMemory 923Connectors 859Hard Disk/Solid-State Drives 925Backward and forward compatibility 871Removable Storage 925Dell Proprietary(Nonstandard) ATXInput Devices 925Design 873Video Card and Display 926Additional Power Connectors 875Audio hardware 926Peripheral power Connectors 875Accessories 927Floppy power Connectors 876Hardware and software resources 928Serial ata Power Connectors 877System Assembly and Disassembly 928PCI Express Auxiliary Graphics PowerAssembly Preparation 929Connectors 878Installing the CPU and Heatsink 932Power Supply Specifications 881Installing Memory Modules 937Power Supply loading 881Mounting the New Motherboard in thePower Supply Ratings 883Case 938Other Power Supply Specifications 884Preparing a Modular Power Supply 942Power Factor Correction 886Connecting the Power Supply 944SLI-Ready and CrossfireXConnecting l/o and other cables to theCertifications 888Motherboard 946Safety certifications 888