For exadata users, new technology introduced by Oracle in 2009.Oracle White Paper-A Technical overview of the oracle Exadata database machine and Exadata Storage serverIntroductionThe Oracle Exadata Database Machine is an easy to deploy solution for hosting theOracle Database that delivers the highest levels of database performance available. TheExadata database Machine is a"cloud in a box composed of database servers, oracleEXadata Storage Servers, an InfiniBand fabric for storage networking and all the othercom ponents required to host an oracle database it delivers outstanding o and sQlprocessing performance for online transaction processing(OLTP), data warehousing(DW)and consolidation of mixed workloads. Extreme performance is delivered for alltypes of database applications by leveraging a massively parallel grid architecture usingReal Application Clusters and Exadata storage Database Machine and Exadata storagedelivers breakthrough analytic and l /o performance, is simple to use and manage, anddelivers mission-critical availability and reliabilityThe Exadata storage server is an integral component of the exadata database MachineExtreme performance is delivered by several unique features of the product Exadatastorage provides database aware storage services, such as the ability to offloaddatabase processing from the database server to storage, and provides this while beingtransparent to SQL processing and database applications. Hence just the data requestedby the application is returned rather than all the data in the queried tables. Exadata SmartFlash Cache dramatically accelerates Oracle Database processing by speeding I/Ooperations. The Flash provides intelligent caching of database objects to avoid physical10 operations and speeds database logging. The Oracle Database on the DatabaseMachine is the first Flash enabled database Exadata storage provides an advancedcompression technology, Hybrid Columnar Compression, that typically provides 10x, andhigher, levels of data compression. Exadata compression boosts the effective datatransfer by an order of magnitude. the oracle exadata database machine is the worldsmost secure database machine. Building on the superior security capabilities of theOracle Database, the Exadata storage provides the ability to query fully encrypteddatabases with near zero overhead at hundreds of gigabytes per second. Thecombination of these, and many other, features of the product are the basis of theoutstanding performance of the Exadata Database MachineThe Exadata Storage Expansion Rack enables the growth of EXadata storage capacityand bandwidth for X2-2 and X2-8 Exadata database machines. It is designed forOracle White Paper-A Technical overview of the oracle Exadata database machine and Exadata Storage serverdatabase deployments that require very large amounts of data beyond what is included inan Exadata Database Machine and when additional database analytical processingpower is not required. Standard Exadata Storage Servers, and supporting infrastructure,are packaged together in the Exadata Storage Expansion Rack to allow an easy todeploy extension of the Exadata storage configuration in an Exadata Database MachineAll the benefits and capabilities of Exadata storage are available and realized when usingan Exadata Storage Expansion RackThe Exadata Database Machine has also been designed to work with, or independenof, the Oracle Exalogic elastic Cloud The Exalogic elastic Cloud provides the bestplatform to run Oracle's Fusion Middleware and Oracle's Fusion applications. Thecombination of Exadata and Exalogic is a complete hardware and software engineeredsolution that delivers high-performance for all enterprise applications including Oracle EBusiness Suite, Siebel, and People Soft applicationsThe Oracle SPARC Super Cluster incorporates EXadata storage technology for enhancingthe performance of the Oracle Database. The SPARC SuperCluster can be used to hostOracle's Fusion Middleware, Oracle's Fusion applications, general purpose applicationsas well as the Oracle Database and is a high performance integrated platform based onSPARC servers. It is an engineered system designed to host the entire Oracle softwaresolution stack. In addition to the Exadata Storage Servers built in to the SParcSuperCluster, Exadata Storage Expansion Racks can be used to add capacity andbandwidth to the systemOracle White Paper-A Technical overview of the oracle Exadata database machine and Exadata Storage serverExadata product familThe foundation of the Exadata family of products is the Oracle Exadata Database machineDatabase Machine). The Database Machine is a complete and fully integrated database systemthat includes all the components to quickly and easily deploy any enterprise database deliveringhe best performance. The Exadata Storage Server Exadata storage or Exadata cells) is used asthe storage for the Oracle Database in the Database Machine. It runs the Exadata Storage ServerSoftware that provides the unique and powerful Exadata technology including Smart Scan, SmartFlash Cache, Smart Flash Logging, IO Resource Manager, Storage Indexes and Hybrid ColumnarCompression. The exadata Storage expansion rack is a fast and simple means to grow theExadata storage capacity and bandwidth of an existing Database Machine or SPARCSuperCluster deploymentExadata Database machineThe Database Machine is a pre-configured system ready to be turned on day one, takingsignificant integration work, cost and time out of the database deployment process. Since it is awell known configuration Oracle Support is very familiar with how to service the systemresulting in a superior support experience with the system. The benefit of a commoninfrastructure to deploy a database for any application, whether oltp, dw, a mix of the two, oras a platform for consolidation of several databases, creates tremendous opportunities forefficiencies in the datacenter. It is truly a"cloud in boxExadata Database Machine x2-8There are two versions of exadata database machine. The exadata database machine x2-2expands from 2 twelve-core database servers with 192 GB of memory and 3 Exadata StorageServers to 8 twelve-core database servers with 1, 152 GB of memory and 14 Exadata StorageServers, all in a singlc rack. The Exadata Databasc Machinc x2-8 is comprised of 2 cighty-corcOracle White Paper-A Technical overview of the oracle Exadata database machine and Exadata Storage serverdatabase servers with 4 tB of memory and 14 Exadata storage servers, in a single rack. TheX2-2 provides a convenient cntry point in to the Exadata Databasc machinc family with thelargest degree of expandability in a single tack. The X2-8 is for large deployments with largermemory requirements or for consolidating multiple databases on to a single system. Bothversions run the Oracle Database 11g release 2 database softwareExadata Database machine x2-2Three versions of the Exadata Database Machine X2-2 are available-the full rack, Hall rack,and Quarter Rack-depending on the size, performance and I/O requirements of the database tobe deployed. One version can be upgraded online to another ensuring a smooth upgrade path asprocessing requirements grow. In addition, the Exadata X2-2 can be easily expanded to an 8 rackgrid with 768 CPU cores and 2. 6 petabytes of raw storage. Common to all X2-2 DatabaseMachines areIndustry standard Oracle Database 1 1g database servers precon figured with: two six-coreIntel XeonR X5675 processors running at 3.0G GHz, 96 GB memory, four 300 GB 10,000RPM SAS disks, two 40 Gb/second InfiniBand ports, two 10 Gb/second Ethernet ports,four1 Gb/second Ethernet ports, and dual-redundant, hot-swappable power supplies. Thememory capacity of these database servers can optionally be upgraded from 9 GB to 144 GBOracle linux 5 Update 5 and solaris 11 Express are preinstalled on the database servers. Atystem deployment the desired operating system for the Database Machine is selectedExadata Storage servers preconfigured with: two socket six-core Intel Xeon l5640 processorsrunning at 2.26 GHz, 24 GB memory, 384 GB of Exadata Smart Flash Cache, twelve SAsdisks connected to a storage controller with 512MB battery-backed cache, dual port Infinibandconnectivity, embedded Integrated Lights Out Manager (ILOM)and dual-redundant, hotswappable power supplies. The Exadata Storage Servers are available with either 600 GB HighPerformance 15, 000 RPM SAS disks or 2 TB High Capacity 7, 200 RPM SAs disks. All theExadata Storage sSoftware is preinstalled on the exadata cellSun Quad Data Rate(QDR) InfiniBand switches and cables to form a 40 Gb/secondInfiniBand fabric for database server to Exadata Storage Server communication, and RAcinternode communicationEthernet switch for remote administration and monitoring of the Database machineKeyboard, Video or Visual Display Unit, Mouse(KVM)hardware for local administration ofthe Database machAll of these components are packaged in to a custom 42U rack including the PowerDistribution Units(PDU) for the systemThe ratio of components to each other has been chosen to maximize performance, deliver ahighly available system and provide the best balance of cpu to l/o power for all databaseOracle White Paper-A Technical overview of the oracle Exadata database machine and Exadata Storage serverapplications. The hardware components in each version of the Exadata Database Machine X2-2arc shown in the following tablcDatabaseDatabaseDatabaseMachineⅹ22MachineⅩ22Machineⅹ2-2Full rackHalf rackQuarter RackDatabase servers84Exadata storage14InfiniBandSwitcheDatabase machine x2.2 cExadata Database Machine X2-8The Exadata Database machine X2-8 combines an outstanding scale-up and scale-outarchitecture by delivering a grid infrastructure containing large SMP database servers and anExadata storage grid. Before now, a large SMP required a full rack of equipment by itself, andwas difficult to scale out further. The Exadata X2-8 uses two of Suns ultra-compact 80-coreIntel-based servers to create a high-performance highly-available database grid. Each of theservers includes 2 terabytes of memory, 40 Gb/second InfiniBand for internal connectivity, and10 Gb/second Ethernet for connectivity to the data center The X2-8 has the same storage gridarchitecture as the X2-2 with 14 Exadata Storage Servers providing intelligent query offload, 10Xdata compression, 336 TB of raw storage, and up to a 1.5 million I/Os per second to 5.3 TB ofhigh performance PCI flash in the Exadata storage. The Exadata X2 8 can be easily expanded toan8 rack grid with 1, 280 CPU cores and 2.6 petabytes of raw storage. The new Exadata X2-8delivers extreme performance for all business applications, and enables large-scale databaseconsoThe Exadata Database Machine X2-8 is available in a full rack configuration, runs OracleDatabase 11g release 2. and includes the following technologyTwo industry standard database servers each preconfigured with: eight socket ten -core IntelXeon( E7-8870 processors running at 2.40 GHz, 2 TB memory, eight 300 GB 10,000 RPMSAS disks, eight 40 Gb/second InfiniBand ports, eight 10 Gb/second Ethernet ports, eight 1Gb/second Ethernet ports, and dual-redundant, hot-swappable power supplies. Oracle LinuxOracle White Paper-A Technical overview of the oracle Exadata database machine and Exadata Storage server5 Update 5 and Solaris 11 Express are preinstalled on the database servers. At systemdeployment the desired opcrating systcm for the Databasc Machinc is sclcctcdFourteen Exadata Storage Servers preconfigured with: two socket six core Intel Xeon L5640processors running at 2.26 GHz, 24 GB memory, 384 GB of Exadata Smart Flash Cachetwelve disks(either 600 GB High Performance 15,000 RPM SAS disks or 2 TB High Capacity7, 200 RPM SAS disks) connected to a storage controller with 512MB battery-backed cachedual port InfiniBand connectivity, embedded Integrated Lights Out Manager (ILOm) anddual-redundant, hot-swappable power supplies. All of the Exadata Storage Server Software ispreinstalled on the Exadata cellThree Sun Quad Data Rate(QDR) InfiniBand switches and cables to form a 40 Gb/ secondInfiniBand fabric for database server to Exadata storage server communication and racInternode communicationEthernet switch for rcmotc administration and monitoring of the Databasc machincall of these components are packaged in to a custom 42U rack including the powerDistribution Units(pDu) for the systemAgain, the ratio of components to each other has been chosen to maximize performance, delivera highly available system and provide the best balance of cpu to i/o power for all daatabaseapplications.Database Machine UpgradeabilityEach model of the Database Machine X2-2 can grow in capacity and power, ensuring a smoothupgrade path, as processing requirements grow. An online field upgrade from the Quarter rackto the Half rack and from the Half Rack to Full Rack can be easily performed by OraclepersonneQruarterHalfFullRackRackRackDatabase Machine X2-2 UpgradesOracle White Paper-A Technical overview of the oracle Exadata database machine and Exadata Storage serverWhile an Exadata database machine is an extremely powerful system, a building-block approachis used that allows Exadata Database Machines to scale to almost any size. Multiple DatabaseMachine X2-2 systems can be connected using the Infini Band fabric in the system to form alarger single system image configuration. Multiple Exadata Database Machine X2-8 racks cansimilarly be connected. This capability is done by connecting InfiniBand cables between the racksas all the Infiniband infrastructure(switches and port cabling) is designed to provide this growthoption. Up to 8 racks can be connected by simply connecting the InfiniBand cables. Largerconfigurations can be built with additional InfiniBand switches. Any combination of X2-2 Fulland Half racks can be connected Quarter racks can be inter-connected with other racks in twocircumstances. Two Quarter Racks can be inter-connected to each other or one Quarter nacr ocan be connccted to any combination of Full and Half Racks The inhcrent capability of theExadata Database Machine to grow enables the support of the largest databases any applicationwould requirek××××X(Eight Connected Exadata Database Machine X2-8 Racks Form a Single SystemIn addition the Exalogic elastic Cloud connects to an Exadata database machine in the samemanner using the same InfiniBand fabric. Lp to eight full racks of Exalogic and Exadata systemscan be connected without the need for any external switchesEXadata Storage ServerThe Exadata Storage Server runs the Exadata Storage Server Software and provides the uniqueand powerful Exadata software tcchnology of the Databasc Machine including Smart Scan, SmartFlash Cache, Smart Flash Logging, IO Resource Manager, Storage Indexes and Hybrid ColumnarCompressionThe hardware components of the Exadata Storage Server(also referred to as an Exadata cellwere carefully chosen to match the needs of high performance database processing. The Exadatasoftware is optimized to take the best possible advantage of the hardware components andOracle Database. Each Exadata cell delivers outstanding I/O performance and bandwidth to theOracle White Paper-A Technical overview of the oracle Exadata database machine and Exadata Storage serverdatabase. The CPU cores in the Exadata Storage Server are dedicated to providing features suchas Smart Scan SQl proccssing that is donc in the Exadata storageBuilding on the high security capabilities in every Oracle Database, the Exadata storage providesthe ability to query fully encrypted databases with near zero overhead at hundreds of gigabyteser second. This is done by moving decryption processing from software into the exadataStorage Server hardware. The Oracle software and the Intel 5600 processors used in the exadataStorage Server provide Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) support enabling this意湿Exadata Storage Server(Exadata Cell)Exadata smart Flash CacheEach Exadata cell comes with 384 GB of Exadata smart Flash Cache. This means in theDatabase Machine X2-8 and Full rack X2-2 there is 5.3 TB of Flash-larger than mostdatabases. This solid statc storage delivers dramatic performancc advantages with Exadatastorage. It provides a ten-fold improvement in response time for reads over regular disk; ahundred-fold improvement in IOPS for reads over regular disk; and is a less expensive highercapacity alternative to memory. Ovcrall it delivers a tcn-fold incrcasc pcrforming a blendedaverage of read and write operatioOne of the key enablence is the Exadata smart Flash Cachhardware and the intelligent oracle Exadata Storage server software that drives it The exadataLrt Flash Cache feature of the eaches databaseobjects in flash memory, replacing slow, mechanical I/O operations to disk with very rapid flashmemory operations. The Exadata Storage Server Software also provides the Exadata Smart FlashLogging feature to speed database log I/ O. Exadata Smart Flash Cache is one of the essentialtechnologies of the Oracle Exadata Database Machine that enables the processing of up to 1.5million random I/O operations per second (IOPS,and the scanning of data within Exadatastorage at up to 75 GB/secondExadata Storage Capacity, Performance, Bandwidth and IOPSThe Oracle Exadata Storage Servers comes with either twelve 600 GB 15,000 RPM HighPerformance sas disks or twelve 2 TB 7, 200 RPM High Capacity Sas disks. The High