经典的光学书籍Scattering, Absorption, and Emission of Light bySmall particlesThis volume provides a thorough and up-to-date treatment of electromagnetic scatteringby small particles. First, the general formalism of scattering, absorption, and emission oflight and other electromagnetic radiation by arbitrarily shaped and arbitrarily orientedparticles is introduccd, and the rclation of radiative transfer thcory to singlc-scattcringsolutions of Maxwells equations is discussed. Then exact theoretical methods and computer codes for calculating scattering, absorption, and cmission propcrtics of arbitrarilyshaped particles are described in detail. Further chapters demonstrate how the scatteringand absorption characteristics of small particles depend on particle size, refractive indexshape, and orientation. The work illustrates how the high efficiency and accuracy of existing theoretical and experimental techniques and the availability of fast scientific workstations result in advanced physically based applications of electromagnetic scattering tononinvasive particle characterization and remote sensing. This book will be valuable forscience professionals, engineers, and graduate students in a wide range of disciplines including optics, electromagnetics, remote sensing, climate research, and biomedicineMICHAEL I MISHCHENKO is a Senior Scientist at the Nasa goddard Institute for SpaceStudies in New York City. After gaining a Ph. D. in physics in 1987, he has been projectscientist and principal investigator on several nasa and dod projects and has served aseditor, topical editor, and editorial board member of leading scientific journals such as theJournal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, Applied OpticS, Journal ofthe Atmospheric Sciences, Waves in random and Complex Media, Journal of electromagnetic waves and Applications. and Kinematics and Physics of celestial bodies. DrMISHCHENKO is a recipient of the Henry G. Houghton Award of the american Meteoro-logical Socicty and an clccted Fcllow of the American Geophysical Union, the OpticalSociety of America, the American Meteorological Society, and The Institute of PhysicsIlis research interests include electromagnetic scattering, radiative transfer in planetaryatmospheres and particulate surfaces, and remote sensingLARRY D. TRAVIS is presently Associate Chief of the NASA Goddard Institute for SpaceStudies. He gained a Ph. D. in astronomy at Pennsylvania State University in 1971.DrTRAVIS has acted as principal investigator on several nasa projects and was awarded aNASA Exceptional Scicntific Achicvcmcnt Medal. His rescarch interests includc the thcoretical interpretation of remote sensing measurements of polarization, planetary atmosheres, atmospheric dynamics, and radiative transferANDREW A LACIS is a Senior Scientist at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies,and teaches radiative transfer at Columbia University. He gained a Ph. D in physics at theUniversity of lowa in 1970 and has acted as principal investigator on numerous NASAand Doe projects. His research interests include radiative transfer in planetary atmospheres, the absorption of solar radiation by the Earth's atmosphere, and climate modelingM.I. MISHCHENKO, L. D. TRAVIS, and A. A. LACIS also authored a book on MultipleScattering of Light by Particles: Radiative Transfer and Coherent Backscattering published in 2006 by Cambridge University Press. M. I MISHCHENKO and L D. TRAVIS CO-edited a monograph on Light Scattering by Nonspherical Particles: Theory, Measurements, and Applications published in 2000 by Academic PressScattering, Absorption,and Emission of Lightbⅴ Small particlesThird electronic releaseMichaeli. mishchenkoLarry d. travisAndrew a, lacisNASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York资圈圆 CAMBRIDGENASA吸罗 UNIVERSITY PRESSThe first hardcopy edition of this book was published in 2002 byCAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESSThe Edinburgh BuildingCambridge cb2 2rUUKhttp://www.cambridge.orga catalogue record for this book is available from the British LibraryISBN052178252X hardbackCNASA 2002The first and second electronic editions of this book were published in 2004 and 2005, respectiⅤely.bNASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies2880 BroadwayNew York. NY 10025USAhttp://www.giss.nasa.govThe current electronic version is available at the following Internet sithttp://www.giss.nasa.gov/crmim/books.htmlThis book is in copyright, except in the jurisdictional territory of theUnited States of America. The moral rights of the authors have beenasserted. Single copies of the book may be printed from the Internet sitehttp://www.giss.nasa.govi-crmim/books.htmlforpersonaluseasallowedby national copyright laws. Unless expressly permitted by law,noreproduction of any part may take place without the written permissionof nasaContentsPreface to the electronic edition xiPreface to the original hardcopy edition xiiiAcknowledgments xviiPart iBasic theory of Electromagnetic Scattering, Absorption, andEmission 1Chapter 1 Polarization characteristics of electromagnetic radiation 8Maxwells equations, time-harmonic fields, and the poynting vector 812Planc-waye solution 121.3Coherency matrix and Stokes parameters 151.4Ellipsometric interpretation of Stokes parameters 191.5Rotation transformation rule for Stokes parameters 241.6Quasi-monochromatic light and incoherent addition of Stokesparameters 26Further reading 30Chapter 2 Scattering absorption, and emission of electromagneticradiation by an arbitrary finite particle 312.1Volume integral equation 312.2Scattering in the far- field zone 352.3Reciprocity 382.4Reference frames and particle orientation 425Poynting vector of the total field 46Scattering, Absorption, and Emission of Light by Small Particles2.6Phase matrix 492.7Extinction matrix 542.8Extinction, scattering, and absorption cross sections 562.9Radiation pressure and radiation torque 602.10Thermal emission 632.11Translations of the origin 66Further reading 67Chapter 3 Scattering, absorption, and emission by collections ofindependent particles 683.1Single scattering, absorption, and emission by a small volumeclement comprising randomly and sparsely distributed particles 683.2Ensemble averaging 72Condition of independent scattering 74Radiative transfer equation and coherent backscattering 74Further reading 82Chapter 4 Scattering matrix and macroscopically isotropic andmirror-symmetric scattering media 834.1Symmetries of the Stokes scattering matrix 844.2Macroscopically isotropic and mirror-symmetric scatteringmedium 87Phase matrix 884.4Forward-scattering direction and extinction matrix 914.5Backward scatte944.6Scattering cross section, asymmetry parameter, and radiationpressure 954.7Thermal emission 974.8Spherically symmetric particles 984.9Effects of nonsphericity and orientation 994.10Normalized scattering and phase matrices 1004.11Expansion in generalized spherical functions 1034.12Circular-polarization representation 1054.13Radiative transfer cquation 108Part IiCalculation and measurement of Scattering andAbsorption Characteristics of Small Particles 111Chapter 5 T-matrix method and Lorenz-Mie theory 115T-matr5.2General properties of the T matrix 1195.2.1Rotation transformation rule 119Contents5.2.2Symmetry relations 1215.2.3Unitarity 1225.2.4Translation transformation rule 1255.3Extinction matrix for axially oriented particles 1275.4Extinction cross section for randomly oriented particles 132Scattering matrix for randomly oriented particles 1335.6Scattering cross section for randomly oriented particles 1385.7Spherically symmetric scatterers Lorenz-Mie theory) 1395.8Extended boundary condition method 1425.8.1Gencral formulation 14258.2Scale invariance rule 1475.8.3Rotationally symmetric particles 1485.844Convergence 1505.8.5Lorenz Mie coefficients 153Aggregated and composite particles 1545.10Lorenz-Mie code for homogeneous polydisperse spheres 1585.10.1Practical considerations 1585.10.2Input parameters of the lorenz-Mie code 1625.10.3Output information 1635.10.4Additional comments and illustrative example 1 64T-matrix code for polydisperse, randomly oriented, homogeneousrotationally symmetric particles 1655.11.1Computation of the T matrix for an individual particle 1675.11.2Particle shdapes and sizes5.11.3Orientation and size averaging 1725.11.4Input parameters of the code 1735.11.51755.11.6Additional comments and recipes 1765.11.7Illustrative examples 1785.12T-matrix code for a homogencous, rotationally symmetric particlein an arbitrary orientation 1805.13Superposition T-matrix code for randomly oriented two-sphereclusters 186Further reading 189Chapter 6 Miscellaneous exact techniques 191Separation of variables method for spheroids 1926.2Finite-element method 193Finitc-diffcrence time-domain mcthod 1956.4Point-matching method 1966.5Integral equation methods 197Superposition method for compounded spheres and spheroids 201Scattering, Absorption, and Emission of Light by Small Particles6.7Comparison of methods benchmark results and computer codes 202Further reading 205Chapter 7 Approximations 206Rayleigh approximation 206Rayleigh-Gans approximation 2097.3Anomalous diffraction approximation 21074Geometrical optics approximation 2107.5Perturbation theories 22 1Other approximations 222Further reading 223Chapter 8 Measurement techniques 2248.1Measurements in the visible and infrared 2248.2Microwave measurements 230Part IllScattering and Absorption Properties of SmallParticles and Illustrative Applications 235Chapter 9 Scattering and absorption properties of spherical particles 23 8Monodisperse spheres 2389.2Effects of averaging over sizes 2509.3Optical cross sections, single-scattering albedo, and asymmetryparameter 2524Phase function a,(0) 2589.5Backscattering 267Other elements of the scattering matrix 2719.7Optical characterization of spherical particles 273Further reading 278Chapter 10 Scattering and absorption properties of nonsphericalparticles 27910.1Interference and resonance structure of scattering patterns fornonspherical particles in a fixed orientation; the effects oforientation and size averaging 27910.2Randomly oriented, poldiheroids with moderateratios 28210.3Randomly oriented, polydisperse circular cylinders with moderataspect ratios 29910.4Randomly oriented spheroids and circular cylinders with extremetios 30710.5Chebyshev particles 319