金双根老师编写的书，全书干货较多，全面地介绍了GNSS-RRemote sensing and digital Image processingVOLUME 19Series editor:EARSel series editor:Freek d. van der meerAndre MarcalDepartment of earth Systems analysisDepartment of mathematicsInternational Institute forFaculty of sciencesGeo-Information Science andUniversity of portoEarth Observation (ITCPorto, PortugalEnchede. The netherlandsDepartment of Physical geographyFaculty of geosciencesUtrecht UniversityThe netherlandsEditorial Advisory boardEARSel Editorial Advisory boardMichael abramsMario a. gomarascaNASA Jet Propulsion laboratoryCNR-IREA Milan, ItalyPasadena, CA. U.S.AMartti hallikainenPaul curranHelsinki University of TechnologyUniversity of bournemouth UKfinlandfinlandHakan olssonArnold dekkerUniversity of Zurich, SwitzerlandCSIRO. Land and Water DivisionSwedish universitCanberra. australiaof agricultural scienceswedenSteven M. de JongDepartment of Physical GeographyEberhard ParlowFaculty of geosciencesUniversity of baselUtrecht University, The NetherlandsSwitzerlandMichael SchaepmanRainer reuteDepartment of GeographUniversity of oldenburgUniversity of zurich, SwitzerlandGFor further volumeshttp://www.springer.com/series/6477Shuanggen Jin. Estel Cardellach. Feiqin XieGNSS Remote SensingTheory, Methods and applications②SpringerShuanggen JinEstel cardellachShanghai Astronomical ObservatoryInstitut d Estudis Espacials de CatalunyaChinese Academy of sciences(ICE/EEC-CSIC)Shanghai chinaBarcelona spainPeople's republicFeigin XieTexas A&M University-Corpus ChristiCorpus ChristiTX USAISSN1567-3200ISBN97894-007-7481-0ISBN978-94-007-7482-7( eBook)DOI10.1007/978-94-007-7482-7Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York LondonLibrary of Congress Control Number: 2013950927o Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014This work is subject to copyright. 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The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, withrespect to the material contained hereinPrinted on acid-free paperSpringerispartofSpringerScience+businessMedia(www.springer.com)PrefaceThe global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has provided an unprecedentedhigh accuracy, flexibility and tremendous contribution to navigation, positioning,timing and scientific questions related to precise positioning on Earth's surfacesince Global Positioning System(GPS) became fully operational in 1994. SinceGNSS is characterized as a highly precise, continuous, all- weather and near-realtime microwave (L-band) technique, additional more applications and potentialsof GNss are being explored by scientists and engineers. When the gnss signalpropagates through the Earths atmosphere, it is delayed by the atmosphericrefractivity gnss radio occultation together with ground gnss have been usedto produce accurate, all-weather, global refractive index, pressure, density profilesin the troposphere, temperature with up to the lower stratosphere (35-40 km), andthe ionospheric total electron content (TEC) as well as electron density profiles,to improve weather analysis and forecasting, monitor climate change, and monitorionospheric events. Therefore, GNsS has great potentials in atmospheric soundinmeteorology, climatology and space weathern addition, surface multi-path is one of main error sources for GNsS navigationand positioning. It has recently been recognized, however, that the special kind ofGPS multi-path delay reflected from the earths surface, could be used to sensthe earths surface environments. a recent interesting result on fluctuations in nearsurface soil moisture has been successfully retrieved from the ground gNss multipath, fairly matching soil moisture fluctuations in soil measured with conventionalsensors. In addition, the space-borne GNss received delay of the GNSs reflectedsignal with respect to the rough surface could provide information on the differentialpaths between direct and reflected signals. Together with information on the receiverantenna position and the medium, the delay measurements associated with theproperties of the reflecting surface can be used to produce the surface roughnessparameters and to determine surface characteristics. The Bistatic radar using L-bandsignals transmitted by gnss can be as an ocean altimeter and scatterometerA number of experiments and missions using GNSS reflected signals from the oceanPrefaced land surface have been tested and applied, such as determining ocean surfaceheight, wind speed and wind direction of ocean surface, soil moisture snow and icethicknessTherefore, the refracted, reflected and scattered GNss Signals can image theEarths surface environments as a new, highly precise, continuous, all-weather andnear-real-time remote sensing tool, which is expected to revolutionize various atmospheric sounding, ocean remote sensing and land/hydrology mapping, especiallyfor various Earths surfaces and the atmosphere with the development of the nextgeneration of multi-frequency and multi-system GNSS constellations, including theUSs modernized GPs-liF and planned gPs-Ill, Russias restored GLONass, andthe coming European UnionS GALILEO system and China's Beidou/COMPASSsystem as well as a number of space Based augmentation Systems, such asJapan's Quasi-Zenith Satellite System(QZsS) and India's Regional NavigationSatellite Systems (RNSS), more applications and opportunities will be exploitedand realized using new onboard gnss receivers on future space-borne GNssreflectometry and refractometry missions in the near futureGNSS Remote Sensing-Theory, Methods and Applications has been written asa monograph and textbook that guides the reader through the theory and practiceof GNSs remote sensing and applications in the atmosphere, oceans, land andhydrology. This book covers Chap. 1: Introduction to GNSS, Chap. 2: GNSSAtmospheric and Multipath Delays, Chap 3: Ground GNsS Atmospheric SensinChap 4: Ground-Based GNss ionospheric Sounding, Chap 5: Theory of GNsSRadio occultation, Chap 6: Atmospheric Sensing using GNSS RO, Chap. 7: Iono-spheric sounding using gnss-ro, chap 8: Theory of gnss reflectometry, chap9: Ocean Remote Sensing using GNSS-R, Chap. 10: Hydrology and VegetationRemote sensing, Chap 11: Cryospheric Sensing using GNSS-R and Chap. 12Summary and Future Chances. Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 10, 1l and 12 were contributedfrom Prof Shuanggen Jin, Chaps. 5 and 6 were contributed from Dr. Feiqin Xiewell as some contributions from Rui Jin and Xuerul Me om dr Estel Cardellach asChaps. 8 and 9 and part of Chap ll were contributed frThis book provides the theory, methods, and applications of GNss remoteSensing for scientists and users who have basic gnss background and experiencesFurthermore it is also useful for the increasing number of next generation multiGNSS designers, engineers and users community We would like to thank assistantEditors help and Springer-Verlag for their cordial collaboration and help during theprocess of publishing this bookShanghai, People's Republic of ChinaShuanggen JinBarcelona spainEstel cardellachCorpus christi, TX, USaFeigin XieContentsPart I GNSS Theory and delaysIntroduction tO GNss1.1 GNSS History1.1.1GPS..1.1.2 GLONASS1.1.3 GALILEO1. 1.4 Beidou/COMPASS1.1.5 Other Regional Systems3335677881.2 GNSS Systems and Signals1. 2. 1 GNSS Segments..................... 81.2.2 GNSS Signals.…101.3 GNSS Theory and Errors.......1.3. 1 GNSS Principle1.3.2 GNSS Error Sources121.4 GNSS Observations and Applications131.4.1 GNSS ObServation Network ................ 131.4.2 GNSS Applications14References162 GNSS Atmospheric and multipath delays172. 1 Atmospheric Refractivit172.2 GNSS Atmospheric Delays182.2.1 Neutral Atmospheric Delays182.2.2 Empirical Tropospheric models2.3 GNSS Ionospheric Delay202.3.1 The Ic202.3.2 GNSS Ionospheric Delay2.3.3 Empirical Ionospheric models24Contents2.4 GNSS Multipath delay...................... 252.4.1 Multipath effects252.4.2 Multipath variations2.4.3 Surface Reflection Characteristics29References30Part II GNSS Atmospheric Sensing and Applications3 Ground GNSS Atmospheric Sensing..........333.1 Introduction333.2 Theory and Methods343.2.1 Estimates of gnss ztD343.2.2 Mapping Functions353.3 ZTD Estimate and variations373.3.1 ZTD Estimates from igs observations373.3.2 Multi-Scale ZTd variations403.4 GNSS Precipitable Water Vapor513.4.1 GNSS PWV EStimate3.4.2 Comparison with Independent Observations....... 523.4.3 Mean pwv characteristics533.4.4 Seasonal pwv variations3.4.5 Diurnal Pwv variations .................. 573.5 3-D Water Vapor Topography573.6 SummaryReferences584 Ground GNSS Ionosphere Sounding614.1 History.…………………,614.2 GNSS Ionospheric Sounding ............. ....... 634.2.1 DCB Determination654.2.2 TEC Est704.3 2-D lonopspheric Mapping4.3.1 Method of 2-D ionospheric Mappin4.3.2 Applicatf 2-D GNSS tEC744.4 3-D GNSS Ionospheric Mapping4.4.1 3-D ionospheric Topography794.4.2 Validation of GNsS Ionospheric Tomograph814.4.3 Assessment of IRI-2001 Using GNSS Tomography... 824.4.4 Ionospheric Slab Thickness854.4.5 3-D ionospheric Behaviours to StormsReferences. ...................................................................905 Theory of GNSS Radio Occultation5.1 Introduction5.1.1 Radio Occultation in Planetary Sciences935.1.2 GNSS Radio Occultation in Earth SciencesContents5.2 Principle of GNSS Radio Occultation................985.2.1 Atmospheric refraction5.2.2 Geometric Optics Approximation1005.2.3 Spherically Symmetric Atmosphere Assumption......... 1015.2.4 Bending angle and refractive Index1025.3 GNSS Radio Occultation Processing ................ 1045.3.1 Calibrating and Extracting GNSS RO Observables.... 1045.3.2 Bending Angle retrieval1105.3.3 Ionosphere retrieval1135.3.4 Neutral Atmosphere Retrieval115References1176 Atmospheric Sensing Using GNSS RO1216.1 GNSS RO Atmospheric Sounding1216.1.1 Parameters Retrieval from GnSS rO1216.1.2 Dry Atmosphere Retrieval(Density, Pressureand Temperature)1226.1.3 Moist Atmosphere retrieval12.6.1.4 1D-Var(Variational Method)................ 1246.2 Characteristics of gnss ro Observations ........................1246.2.1 Spatial Resolution( Vertical and Horizontal Resolution). 1266.2.2 Accuracy and Precision Analysis....... ...... 1266.2.3Mt er1276.2.4 Calibration Errors. ..........................................1296.2.5 Retrieval Errors ............................................1306.2.6 Experimental Validation of Ro Accuracy and Precision. 1356.3 Dynamic Processes Studies with GNSS RO1366.3. 1 Tropopause and Stratospheric Waves1376.3.2 Tropical Tidal Waves.……,1386.3.3 Weather front1386.3.4 Tropical Cyclones (TC)1396.3.5 Atmospheric Boundary Layer(ABL).……………140Airborne and Mountain- TOp GNSS RO.∴….…B些6. 4 Weather Prediction Applications6.4.1 GNSS RO Data assimilation6.4.2 Operational Assimilation of GNSS ROin nwp models6.5 Climate Applications436.6 Future Application of Radio occultation..1466.6.1 Future nss and gnss ro missions1466.6.21466.6.3 LEO-to-LEO Occultation149References..150