本书是关于计算机网络的最著名的经典教材。它是目前美国大多数大学所开设的计算机网络课程的主要参考书。目前国内外能见到的各种关于TCP/IP的书籍，其主要内容都参考了本书。本书作者Douglas E. Comer是TCP/IP协议和因特网的国际公认专家，他为因特网的发展做出了杰出贡献。This page intentionally left blankInternetworking With TCP/PVol laPrinciples, Protocols, andArchitectureSixth EditionDOUGLAS E。 COMERDepartment of Computer sciencesPurdue universityPEARSONBoston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle riverAmsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal TorontoDelhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei TokyoEditorial Director, Engineering and Computer Science: Marcia J. HortonAcquisitions Editor: Matt GoldsteinEditorial Assistant: Jenah Blitz-StoehrMarketing Manager: Yez alayanMarketing Assistant: Jon bryantSenior Managing Editor: Scott DisannoOperations Specialist: Linda SagerArt Director: Anthony gemmellaroMedia editor: renata buteraPrinter/Binder: Edwards BrothersCover Printer: Lehigh-PhoenixCredits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in thtextbook appear on the appropriate page within the text. Cisco is a registered trademark of Cisco Systems,nc. EUI-64 is a trademark of the Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). IEEE is aregistered trademark of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Linux is a registeredtrademark of Linus Torvalds UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group in the US and othercountries. Zig Bee is a registered trademark of the Zig Bee Alliance. Open Flow is a trademark of StanfordUniversity. Windows, Windows Nt, windows CE, and/or other Microsoft products referenced herein areeither trademarks or registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or othercountries. Skype is a registered trademark of Skype, Incorporated in the US and other countriesAdditional company and product names used in this text may be trademarks or registered trademarks of theindividual companies, and are respectfully acknowledgedCopyright C 2014, 2006, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected byCopyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproductionstorage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,opying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s)to use material from this work, please submita written request to Pearson Education, Inc, Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper SaddleRiver, New Jersey 07458Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed astrademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademarkclaim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all capsLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data on file1098765432PEARSONISBN10:0-13-608530-XISBN13:9780-13-608530-0www.pearsonhighered.comTo ChrisThis page intentionally left blankContentsForewordXXPrefaceXXVChapter 1 Introduction And overview1. The Motivation For Internetworking 11.2 The tCP/p Internet 21.3 nternet services 21.4 History And Scope Of The Internet 61.5 The Internet architecture board 71.6 The lAB Reorganization 81.7 Internet Request For Comments(RFCs)81. 8 Internet Growth 91. 9 Transition To IPv6 121.10 Committee Design And The New Version of IP 121.11 Relationship Between IPv4 And IPv6 131.12 IPv6 Migration 141.13 Dual Stack Systems 151.14 Organization Of The Text 151. 15 Summary 16Chapter 2 Overview Of Underlying Network Technologies2.1 Introduction 192.2 Two Approaches To Network Communication 202.3 WAN And LAN 212. 4 Hardware Addressing schemes 212.5 Ethernet(IEEE 802.3) 222.6Wi-Fi(EEE802.I)262.7 Zig bee(EEE802.15.4)262.8 Optical Carrier And Packet Over SONET(OC, POS) 272.9 Point-To-Point Networks 282.10 VLAN Technology And Broadcast Domains 28Contents2.1 Bridging 292.12 Congestion And Packet Loss 302.13 Summary 31Chapter 3 Internetworking Concept And Architectural Model353. Introduction 353. 2 Application-Level Interconnection 353.3 Network-Level Interconnection 373.4 Properties Of The Internet 383.5 Internet Architecture 393.6 Interconnection Of Multiple networks with IP routers 393. 7 The User's view 413.8 All Networks Are equal 423.9 The Unanswered Questions 433.10 Summary 43Chapter 4 Protocol Layering474. ntroductie474.2 The Need For Multiple protocols 474.3 The Conceptual Layers Of Protocol Software 494.4 Functionality Of The Layers 494.5 ISO 7-Layer Reference Model 504.6 X 25 And Its Relation To The ISo Model 514.7 The TCP/P 5-Layer Reference Model 524.8 Locus Of Intelligence 564.9 The Protocol Layering Principle 574.10 The layering Principle applied To a Network 584.11 Layering In Mesh Networks 604.12 Two Important Boundaries In The TCP/P Model 624.13 Cross-Layer Optimizations 634.14 The Basic Idea behind multiplexing and demultiplexing 644.15 Summary 66Chapter 5 Internet Addressing695.1 Introduction 695.2 Universal Host Identifiers 695.3 The Original IPv4 Classful addressing Scheme 715.4 Dotted decimal notation used with pu4 725.5 IPv4 Subnet Addressing 72Content5.6 Fixed length IPv4 Subnets 755.7 Variable-Length IPv4 Subnets 775.8 Implementation Of IPv4 Subnets With Masks 775.9 Pv4 Subnet Mask Representation And slash notation 785.10 The Current Classless IPv4 Addressing Scheme 795.11 /Pv4 Address blocks and cidr Slash notation 825.12 A Classless /Pv4 Addressing Example 825. 3 Pv4 CIdR Blocks reserved for private Networks 835.14 The IPv6 Addressing Scheme 845.15 IPv6 Colon hexadecimal notation 845.16 IPv6 Address Space Assignment 855.17 Embedding IPv4 Addresses In /Pv6 For Transition 865.18 Pv6 Unicast Addresses And/64 875.19 IPv6 Interface Identifiers And MAC Addresses 885.20 P Addresses. Hosts And Network Connections 895.21 Special Addresses 905.22 Weaknesses In Internet Addressing 945.23 Internet Address Assignment And Delegation Of Authority 965.24 An Example IPv4 Address Assignment 965.25 Summary 98Chapter 6 Mapping Internet Addresses To Physical Addresses(ARP) 1011016.2 The address resolution problem 101yo Types of Hardware Addresses 1026.4 Resolution Through Direct Mapping 1026.5 Resolution In a Direct-Mapped Network 1036.6 IPv4 Address Resolution Through Dynamic Binding 1046.7 The arp Cache 1056. 8 ARP Cache Timeout 1066.9 ARP Refinements 1066. 10 Relationship Of ARP To Other Protocols 1086.11 ARP Implementation 1086.12 ARP Encapsulation And Identification 1106.13 ARP Message Format 1106.14 Automatic arp Cache revalidation 1126. 15 Reverse Address Resolution(RARP) 1126.16 ARP Caches In Layer 3 Switches 1136.17 Proxy ARP 1146. 18 IPv6 Neighbor Discovery 1156.19 Summary 116