Duetotheglobalizationofthesemiconductordesignandfabricationprocess,inte-gratedcircuits(ICs)arebecomingincreasinglyvulnerabletomaliciousactivities.Therearetwomajorproblemsthatimpactthesecurity,trustworthiness,andrelia-bilityofICsusedinmilitary,financial,orothercriticalapplications:(i)Mali