1.Introduction:ANewEcologyisNeeded11.1Environmentalmanagementhaschanged11.2Ecologyischanging21.3Bookoutline32.EcosystemshaveOpenness(Thermodynamic)72.1Whymustecosystemsbeopen?72.2Anisolatedsystemwoulddie(maximumentropy)82.3Physicalopenness132.4Thesecondlawofthermodynamicsinterpre