Practical RF System Design

Practical RF System Design由William F. EGAN所著，详细介绍了RF系统设计时在增益Gain、噪声Noise、非线性Nonlinear等方面的系统问题，对系统级设计是一个较好的参考指导。PRACTICAL RE SYSTEMDESIGNWILLIAM F EGAN Ph.DLecturer in Electrical EngineeringSanta Clara University◆IEEEThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc, New yorkC)WIERSCIENCEA JOHn WILEY sons, INc PublicationMATLAB is a registered trademark of The Math Works, Inc., 3 Apple Hill Drive, Natick, MA01760-2098Usa;teL:508-647-7000,Fax508-647-7101;Wwwhttp://www.mathworks.com;email:info@mathworks.comFigures whose captions indicate they are reprinted from Frequency Synthesis by Phase lock, 2ndd. by William F. Egan, copyright o 2000, John Wiley and Sons, Inc, are reprinted by permissionCopyright o 2003 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. 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Some content that appears inprint, however, may not be available in electronic formatLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available.ISBN0-471-20023-9Printed in the united states of america10987654321To those from whom i have learnedTeachers, Colleagues, and studentsCONTENTSPREFACEXVIGETTING FILES FROM THE WILEY ftp AND INTERNET SITESXIXSYMBOLS LIST AND GLOSSARYXXINTRODUCTION1.1 System Design Process/I1.2 Organization of the book /21.3 Appendixes /31. 4 Spreadsheets /31.5 Test and Simulation /31.6 Practical Skepticism/41.7 References /52 GAIN2. 1 Simple cases/ 82.2 General case /92.2.1 S Parameters /92.2.2 Normalized waves /112. 2. 3 Parameters /12vCONTENTS2. 2. 4 Relationships between S and T Parameters /132.2.5 Restrictions on T Parameters /142.2.6 Cascade Response /142. 3 Simplification: Unilateral Modules /152.3.1 Module Gain /152.3.2 Transmission Line Interconnections /162.3.3 Overall Response, Standard Cascade /252.3. 4 Combined with Bilateral Modules /282.3. 5 Lossy Interconnections /322.3.6 Additional Considerations /382.4 Nonstandard Impedances /402.5 Use of Sensitivities to find variations /402.6 Summary /43Endnotes /453 NOISEFIGURE473.1 Noise Factor and Noise Figure /473.2 Modules in Cascade /493.3 Applicable Gains and Noise Factors/543.4 Noise Figure of an attenuator /553.5 Noise fif an int3.6 Cascade noise figure /563.7 Expected Value and Variance of Noise Figure /583.8 Impedance-Dependent Noise Factors /593.8.1 Representation /603.8.2 Constant -Noise circles /613.8.3 Relation to Standard noise Factor /623.8.4 Using the Theoretical Noise Factor /643.8.5 Summary /653.9 Image Noise, Mixers /653.9.1 Effective Noise Figure of the mixer /663.9.2 Verification for Simple cases /693.9.3 Examples of Image noise /693.10 Extreme Mismatch, Voltage Amplifiers /743.10.1 Module noise factor /763.10.2 Cascade noise factor /783.10.3 Combined with Unilateral Modules /793. 10.4 Equivalent noise Factor /79CONTENTS3.11 Using Noise Figure Sensitivities /793.12 Mixed Cascade Example /803.12.1 Effects of Some ResistorChanges /813. 12.2 Accounting for Other Reflections /823.12.3 USing Sensitivities /823.13 Gain Controls/843.13.1 Automatic Gain Control /8413.2 Level control /863.14 Summary /88Endnotes 904 NONLINEARITY IN THE SIGNAL PATH914.1 Representing Nonlinear Responses /914.2 Second-Order terms/924.2.1 Intercept Points /934.2.2 Mathematical representations /954.2.3 Other Even-Order terms /974.3 Third-Order Terms /974.3.1 Intercept Points /994.3.2 Mathematical Representations /1004.3 3 Other odd-Order terms /1014.4 Frequency Dependence and relationshipBetween Products /1024.5 Nonlinear products in the Cascades/ 1034.5.1 Two-Module Cascade /1044.5.2 General Cascade /1054.5.3 IMs Adding coherently /1064.5.4 IMs Adding Randomly /1084.5.5 IMS That Do Not add /1094.5.6 Effect of mismatch on IPs /1104.6 Examples: Spreadsheets for IMs in aCascade/1114.7 Anomalous ims/1154.8 Measuring IMs/1164.9 Compression in the Cascade /1194.10 Other nonideal effects /1214.11 Summary /121Endnote /122XCONTENTS5 NOISE AND NONLINEARITY1235.1 Intermodulation of noise /1235.1.1 Preview/1245.1.2 Flat Bandpass noise /1255.1.3 Second-Order Products /1255. 1. 4 Third-Order products /1305.2 Composite Distortion /1335.2. 1 Second-Order IMs(CSo)/1345.2.2 Third-Order IMS(CTB)/1365.2.3 CSO and ctB Example /1365.3 Dynamic Range /1375.3.1 Spurious-Free Dynamic Range /1375.3.2 Other Range Limitations /1395.4 Optimizing Cascades /1395.4.1 Combining Parameters on One Spreadsheet /1395.4.2 Optimization example /1435.5 Spreadsheet Enhancements /1465.5.1 Lookup Tables /1465.5.2 Using Controls /1475.6 Summary /147Endnotes/1476 ARCHITECTURES THAT IMPROVE LINEARITY1496. 1 Parallel Combining /1496.1.190° Hybrid/1506.1.2180 Hybrid/1526. 1. 3 Simple push-Pull /1546.1.4Gain/1556.1.5 Noise Figure /1566.1.6 Combiner Trees /1566. 1. 7 Cascade analysis of a Combiner Tree /1576.2 Feedback /1586.3 Feedforward/1596.3.1 Intermods and harmonics /1606.3.2 Bandwidth /1616.3.3 Noise Figure /1616.4 Nonideal Performance/1626. 5 Summary /163Endnotes/163CONTENTSX7 FREQUENCY CONVERSION1657.1 Basics/1657.1.1 The Mixer /1657. 1. 2 Conversion in Receivers /16771.3 Spurs/1687.1.4 Conversion in Synthesizers and exciters /1707. 1.5 Calculators /1707.1.6 Design methods /1707.1.7 Example /1717.2 Spurious Levels /1717.2.1 Dependence on Signal Strength /1717.2.2 Estimating levels /1737.2.3 Strategy for Using Levels /1757. 3 Two-Signal IMs/1767.4 Power Range for Predictable Levels /1777.5 Spur Plot, LO Reference/1807.5.1 Spreadsheet Plot Description /1807.5.2 Example of a band conversion /1827.5.3 Other Information on the plot /1847.6 Spur Plot, IF Reference /1867.7 Shape Factors /1967.7.1 Definitions /1977.7.2 RF Filter Requirements /1977.7.3 IF Filter Requirements /2007. 8 Double Conversion /2027.9 Operating Regions /2037.9.1 Advantageous Regions /2037.9.2 Limitation on DownconversionTwo-by-Twos /2067.9.3 Higher Values of m /2097.10 Examples /2117.11 Note on Spur Plots Used in This Chapter /2167.12 Summary /216Endnotes /2178 CONTAMINATING SIGNALS IN SEVERE NONLINEARITIES2198.1 Decomposition /2208.2 Hard Limiting /2238.3 Soft limiting /223