1Introduction19 1.1WhatIsLearning?19 1.2WhenDoWeNeedMachineLearning?21 1.3TypesofLearning22 1.4RelationstoOtherFields24 1.5HowtoReadThisBook25 1.5.1PossibleCoursePlansBasedonThisBook26 1.6Notation27 PartIFoundations31 2AGentleStart33 2.1AFormalModel{