Contents Preface ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Generations 1 1.2 Standards 3 1.3 Cellular Standards Organizations 3GPP and 3GPP2 3 1.4 IEEE Standards 6 1.5 Advanced Mobile Wireless Systems Based on FDMA 6 1.5.1 IEEE 802.16e-Based Mobile WiMAX 6 1.5.2 3GPP2 Ultra Mobile Broadband 8 1.5.3 3GPP Long Term Evolution 8 1.5.4 Summary and Comparison of Mobile WiMAX, LTE and UMB 10 1.6 Figures of Merit 11 1.7 Frequency Division Technology in Broadband Wireless Systems 12 References 13 2 Channel Characteristics and Frequency Multiplexing 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Radio Channel Characteristics 15 2.2.1 Physics of Radio Transmission 16 2.2.2 Effects of Extraneous Signals 21 2.2.3 Transmitting and Receiving Equipment 23 2.2.4 Radio Propagation Models 24 2.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 25 2.3.1 Signal Processing 26 2.3.2 Advantages and Weaknesses 29 vi Contents 2.4 Single Carrier Modulation with Frequency Domain Equalization 30 2.4.1 Frequency Domain Equalization 30 2.4.2 Comparison with OFDM 32 2.5 Summary 34 References 35 3 Single Carrier FDMA 37 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 SC-FDMA Signal Processing 38 3.3 Subcarrier Mapping 42 3.4 Time Domain Representation of SC-FDMA Signals 44 3.4.1 Time Domain Symbols of IFDMA 45 3.4.2 Time Domain Symbols of LFDMA 47 3.4.3 Time Domain Symbols of DFDMA 48 3.4.4 Comparison of Subcarrier Mapping Schemes 48 3.5 SC-FDMA and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 50 3.6 SC-FDMA and CDMA with Frequency Domain Equalization 53 3.7 Single Carrier Code-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-CFDMA) 55 3.8 Summary 57 References 59 4 SC-FDMA in 3GPP Long Term Evolution 61 4.1 Introduction 61 4.1.1 3GPP Technical Specifications 61 4.1.2 Contents of the Physical Layer Technical Specifications 62 4.2 Protocol Layers and Channels 63 4.3 Uplink Time and Frequency Structure 67 4.3.1 Frames and Slots 67 4.3.2 Resource Blocks 69 4.4 Basic Uplink Physical Channel Processing 71 4.5 Reference (Pilot) Signal Structure 76 4.6 Summary 77 References 78 4.7 Appendix – List of 3GPP LTE Standards 78 Contents vii 5 Channel Dependent Scheduling 83 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 SC-FDMA Performance Measures 88 5.3 Scheduling Algorithms 91 5.4 Channel Models used in Scheduling Studies 93 5.5 Channel-Dependent Scheduling Simulation Studies 95 5.5.1 Schedules Based on Perfect Channel State Information 96 5.5.2 Schedules Based on Delayed Channel State Information 101 5.5.3 Discussion of Scheduling Studies 103 5.6 Summary 105 References 105 6 MIMO SC-FDMA 107 6.1 Introduction 107 6.2 Spatial Diversity and Spatial Multiplexing in MIMO Systems 108 6.3 MIMO Channel 109 6.4 SC-FDMA Transmit Eigen-Beamforming with Unitary Precoding 111 6.4.1 Impact of Imperfect Feedback: Precoder Quantization/Averaging 113 6.4.2 Impact of Imperfect Feedback: Feedback Delay 115 6.5 SC-FDMA Spatial Diversity 117 6.6 Summary 117 References 120 7 Peak Power Characteristics of a SC-FDMA Signal 123 7.1 Introduction 123 7.2 Peak Power Characteristics of a Single Carrier Signal 124 7.3 PAPR of Single Antenna Transmission Signals 128 7.4 PAPR of Multiple Antenna Transmission Signals 132 7.5 Peak Power Reduction by Symbol Amplitude Clipping 136 7.6 Summary 141 References 142 8 Simulation of a SC-FDMA System Using MATLABR 143 8.1 Introduction 143 8.2 Link Level Simulation of SC/FDE 143 8.3 Link Level Simulation of SC-FDMA 146 8.4 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Simulation of SC-FDMA 149 viii Contents 8.5 Summary 150 References 150 Appendix – Simulation Codes 151 MATLABR Simulation Codes for SC/FDE 151 MATLABR Simulation Codes for SC-FDMA (Link Level) 155 MATLABR Simulation Codes for SC-FDMA and OFDMA (PAPR) 159 Appendix A: Derivation of Time Domain Symbols of Localized FDMA and Distributed FDMA 165 A.1 Time Domain Symbols of LFDMA 165 A.2 Time Domain Symbols of DFDMA 167 Appendix B: Derivations of the Upper Bounds in Chapter 7 171 B.1 Derivation of Equations (7.9) and (7.10) in Chapter 7 171 B.2 Derivations of Equations (7.13) and (7.14) in Chapter 7 172 Appendix C: Deciphering the 3GPP LTE Specifications 175 Appendix D: Abbreviations 179 Index 183 Introduction 15 2.2 Radio Channel Characteristics 15 2.2.1 Physics of Radio Transmission 16 2.2.2 Effects of Extraneous Signals 21 2.2.3 Transmitting and Receiving Equipment 23 2.2.4 Radio Propagation Models 24 2.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 25 2.3.1 Signal Processing 26 2.3.2 Advantages and Weaknesses 29 vi Contents 2.4 Single Carrier Modulation with Frequency Domain Equalization 30 2.4.1 Frequency Domain Equalization 30 2.4.2 Comparison with OFDM 32 2.5 Summary 34 References 35 3 Single Carrier FDMA 37 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 SC-FDMA Signal Processing 38 3.3 Subcarrier Mapping 42 3.4 Time Domain Representation of SC-FDMA Signals 44 3.4.1 Time Domain Symbols of IFDMA 45 3.4.2 Time Domain Symbols of LFDMA 47 3.4.3 Time Domain Symbols of DFDMA 48 3.4.4 Comparison of Subcarrier Mapping Schemes 48 3.5 SC-FDMA and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 50 3.6 SC-FDMA and CDMA with Frequency Domain Equalization 53 3.7 Single Carrier Code-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-CFDMA) 55 3.8 Summary 57 References 59 4 SC-FDMA in 3GPP Long Term Evolution 61 4.1 Introduction 61 4.1.1 3GPP Technical Specifications 61 4.1.2 Contents of the Physical Layer Technical Specifications 62 4.2 Protocol Layers and Channels 63 4.3 Uplink Time and Frequency Structure 67 4.3.1 Frames and Slots 67 4.3.2 Resource Blocks 69 4.4 Basic Uplink Physical Channel Processing 71 4.5 Reference (Pilot) Signal Structure 76 4.6 Summary 77 References 78 4.7 Appendix – List of 3GPP LTE Standards 78 Contents vii 5 Channel Dependent Scheduling 83 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 SC-FDMA Performance Measures 88 5.3 Scheduling Algorithms 91 5.4 Channel Models used in Scheduling Studies 93 5.5 Channel-Dependent Scheduling Simulation Studies 95 5.5.1 Schedules Based on Perfect Channel State Information 96 5.5.2 Schedules Based on Delayed Channel State Information 101 5.5.3 Discussion of Scheduling Studies 103 5.6 Summary 105 References 105 6 MIMO SC-FDMA 107 6.1 Introduction 107 6.2 Spatial Diversity and Spatial Multiplexing in MIMO Systems 108 6.3 MIMO Channel 109 6.4 SC-FDMA Transmit Eigen-Beamforming with Unitary Precoding 111 6.4.1 Impact of Imperfect Feedback: Precoder Quantization/Averaging 113 6.4.2 Impact of Imperfect Feedback: Feedback Delay 115 6.5 SC-FDMA Spatial Diversity 117 6.6 Summary 117 References 120 7 Peak Power Characteristics of a SC-FDMA Signal 123 7.1 Introduction 123 7.2 Peak Power Characteristics of a Single Carrier Signal 124 7.3 PAPR of Single Antenna Transmission Signals 128 7.4 PAPR of Multiple Antenna Transmission Signals 132 7.5 Peak Power Reduction by Symbol Amplitude Clipping 136 7.6 Summary 141 References 142 8 Simulation of a SC-FDMA System Using MATLABR 143 8.1 Introduction 143 8.2 Link Level Simulation of SC/FDE 143 8.3 Link Level Simulation of SC-FDMA 146 8.4 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Simulation of SC-FDMA 149 viii Contents 8.5 Summary 150 References 150 Appendix – Simulation Codes 151 MATLABR Simulation Codes for SC/FDE 151 MATLABR Simulation Codes for SC-FDMA (Link Level) 155 MATLABR Simulation Codes for SC-FDMA and OFDMA (PAPR) 159 Appendix A: Derivation of Time Domain Symbols of Localized FDMA and Distributed FDMA 165 A.1 Time Domain Symbols of LFDMA 165 A.2 Time Domain Symbols of DFDMA 167 Appendix B: Derivations of the Upper Bounds in Chapter 7 171 B.1 Derivation of Equations (7.9) and (7.10) in Chapter 7 171 B.2 Derivations of Equations (7.13) and (7.14) in Chapter 7 172 Appendix C: Deciphering the 3GPP LTE Specifications 175 Appendix D: Abbreviations 179 Index 183