C99标准文档 Foreword ............................. xi Introduction ............................ xiv 1. Scope ............................. 1 2. Normative references ....................... 2 3. Terms, definitions, and symbols ................... 3 4. Conformance .......................... 7 5. Environment .......................... 9 5.1 Conceptual models ..................... 9 5.1.1 Translation environment ................ 9 5.1.2 Execution environments ................ 11 5.2 Environmental considerations ................. 17 5.2. 1 Character sets .................... 17 5.2.2 Character display semantics .............. 19 5.2.3 Signals and interrupts ................. 20 5.2.4 Environmental limits ................. 20 6. Language ............................ 29 6.1 Notation .......................... 29 6.2 Concepts ......................... 29 6.2.1 Scopes of identifiers ................. 29 6.2.2 Linkages of identifiers ................. 30 6.2.3 Name spaces of identifiers ............... 31 6.2.4 Storage durations of objects .............. 32 6.2.5 Types ....................... 33 6.2.6 Representations of types ................ 37 6.2.7 Compatible type and composite type ........... 40 6.3 Conversions ........................ 42 6.3.1 Arithmetic operands ................. 42 6.3.2 Other operands ................... 46 6.4 Lexical elements ...................... 49 6.4.1 Keywords ...................... 50 6.4.2 Identifiers ...................... 51 6.4.3 Universal character names ............... 53 6.4.4 Constants ...................... 54 6.4.5 String literals .................... 62 6.4.6 Punctuators ..................... 63 6.4.7 Header names .................... 64 6.4.8 Preprocessing numbers ................ 65 6.4.9 Comments ..................... 66 6.5 Expressions ........................ 67 ... ... ... 7.22 Type-generic math ............... 334 7.23 Date and time .................. 337 7.23.1 Components of time ................. 337 7.23.2 Time manipulation functions .............. 338 7.23.3 Time conversion functions ............... 340 7.24 Extended multibyte and wide character utilities ..... 347 7.24.1 Introduction ..................... 347 7.24.2 Formatted wide character input/output functions ...... 348 7.24.3 Wide character input/output functions .......... 366 7.24.4 General wide string utilities .............. 370 7.24.5 Wide character time conversion functions ......... 384 7.24.6 Extended multibyte/wide character conversion utilities .... 385 7.25 Wide character classification and mapping utilities ... 392 7.25.1 Introduction ..................... 392 7.25.2 Wide character classification utilities ........... 393 7.25.3 Wide character case mapping utilities ........... 398 7.26 Future library directions ................... 400 7.26.1 Complex arithmetic ........... 400 7.26.2 Character handling ............ 400 7.26.3 Errors ................. 400 7.26.4 Format conversion of integer types .... 400 7.26.5 Localization .............. 400 7.26.6 Signal handling ............. 400 7.26.7 Boolean type and values ......... 400 7.26.8 Integer types .............. 400 7.26.9 Input/output ............... 401