Organic light emitting device with surface modified tungsten doped indium oxide

The work function phi of tungsten-doped indium oxide (IWO) thin films could be enhanced to 5.5 eV by forming platinum and tungsten codoped indium oxide (In2O3: Pt, W) thin layers on them. With the IWO/In2O3: Pt, W double-layer as the anode, an OLED device with the structure of IWO/In2O3: Pt, W/NPB/A