Contents 1 Data Acquisition and Linguistic Resources ............................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................1 1.2 Data Collection, Distribution, and Management .................................................... 2 1.3 Human Annotation ............................................................................................... 14 1.4 Automatic Annotation ...................................... .................................................... 64 2 Machine Translation from Text ............................................................................. 133 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 133 2.2 Segmentation, Tokenization and Preprocessing................................................. 135 2.3 Word Alignment ................................................................................................ 164 2.4 Translation Models ............................................................................................ 183 2.5 Language Modeling for SMT ............................................................................ 252 2.6 Search and Complexity ...................................................................................... 271 2.7 Adaptation and Data Selection ........................................................................... 297 2.8 System Combination .......................................................................................... 324 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 399 3.2 Front End Features ............................................................................................. 401 3.3 Improved Speech Acoustic Models ................................................................... 428 3.4 Language Models ............................................................................................... 460 3.5 Language-Specific Models and Systems: Mandarin .......................................... 485 3.6 Language-Specific Models and Systems: Arabic............................................... 520 3.7 Integration of Speech Recognition and Translation ........................................... 569 4 Distillation ................................................................................................................617 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 617 4.2 Template-Based Query Development ................................................................ 618 4.3 Architecture and Implementation of a Distillation System ................................ 623 4.4 Enabling Technology Breakthroughs to Improve Distillation Capabilities ....... 636 4.5 Distillation in an Integrated GALE system ........................................................ 690 4.6 Evaluating Distillation Technology ................................................................... 716 5 Machine Translation Evaluation and Optimization ............................................. 745 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 745 5.2 Automatic and Semi-Automatic Measures ........................................................ 758 5.3 Tasks and Human-in-the-Loop Measures .......................................................... 768 s 5.4 GALE Machine Translation Metrology: Definition, Implementation, and Calculation .................................................................................................. 783 5.5 Use of Evaluation for Optimization ................................................................... 812 5.6 Searching for Better Automatic MT Metrics ..................................................... 818 6 Operational Engines ................................................................................................ 845 6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 845 6.2 Implementation of Operational Engines ............................................................ 846 6.3 Evaluation of Operational Engines .................................................................... 905